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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old f. b, k6 ]% y! z p: I
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
$ T% J3 V- S* @4 H5 D8 d2 b% WExposure to Testosterone" ^9 E9 M! W, ]3 j, b
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
$ ?0 W7 L d, eand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
$ |/ K+ W8 F! O0 `& c$ `+ I! L! L ]Clinical Pediatrics! u+ `, z. F: W
Volume 46 Number 6
/ _' S* S: t+ iJuly 2007 540-543
- H7 Q2 ~$ |. y! Z) G( x/ E5 L© 2007 Sage Publications5 |7 i/ H) e' w6 N# J5 |7 ?
10.1177/0009922806296651
; c( ]3 U; _. O4 K" ~http://clp.sagepub.com
4 G7 @4 ], d; ~6 A) r1 ~$ r$ U& Nhosted at
- [5 ~; `1 ~9 b$ G& i! mhttp://online.sagepub.com
* T4 W2 S) X% \# A' G$ d! IPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,) U6 Z) v f H; W
is a significant concern for physicians. Central x/ G1 f( ` D7 f/ c O3 U: B
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated. ?2 x2 L; e$ e0 g( P
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has7 a6 L- \( X, j1 [( Z0 ?( Q% n6 v
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system! \' \6 e5 d& G' L, ~5 |
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested) G1 x# b8 f8 |5 N/ `7 ] f
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
- [, }* h( W9 k& d# K8 ?% S6 Nhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
% d# [% I4 o- L6 K8 ]% Y) ?cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
: k( t( [( Z- H( lreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the6 w( f" `0 s% e' x+ G4 h/ i% ?* W
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-7 s2 u b' I$ T$ U8 T
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due1 t5 u. f! ^9 k+ m8 h8 g, d
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by, y0 ]5 C' [5 ~6 C% U
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
" c$ f! ?+ C! \: Y( Wmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this9 m% C V; ?% B1 p C- k
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of) i2 P k: w! M
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba- D/ P0 ]( k1 w+ v
bly more common than the rare case report in the0 d) \) g3 n. }- U' `
literature.4
4 _9 d1 s6 x' |8 B) n) l* [Patient Report- N% Y8 t0 ?4 u# E. x! j( t
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
# `6 a8 Y+ |- f8 [4 r# R! aendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern5 e1 |1 H+ n) T) U9 R- r
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
4 a9 b8 L% y. T4 Z0 Clight colored pubic hair development when he was
2 l& Z. j( U5 o! ^From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of8 d( ]" c1 y9 d. i4 _- H7 [
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
0 k6 o& i: u( s* P, G2 yAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,& m. d) _9 ]4 f; r* Z/ w* U
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of* I7 U G2 k) z- O* z
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
0 f2 W% u8 b3 d$ ~e-mail: [email protected].& G8 X( A; m7 u
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
1 ]$ j) X5 s' _( s) A- I4 d8 fdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-6 x9 E8 H1 w: S4 d7 m
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
# N& _$ ?/ }9 twas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with; K: z" |8 ]9 c" X8 m- n( {& m7 e
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
, V c7 v3 h8 Z20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year6 i& h* `9 P$ @" n) C/ R/ W r
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
+ ~# a' Q( x% U: K' Ksolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,+ [2 `4 M2 W$ ^+ e: Y: B1 M
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development; g; X% G- M3 N* ?
was age appropriate.
2 Q8 R# m; P1 ] X3 [1 w% PThe family history was remarkable for the father,4 t1 Q6 y- E" D0 ~# y( x
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,* W! o* U; }# A5 m C
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
( _$ \. T( p% Nheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat' T" V; g! c! `, Y6 J3 \5 r
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
. p. L9 j2 a. ~2 _5 RThe father denied taking any other medication. The& M$ ^5 n& R, U
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche) [: K0 N" u. {4 U! [' R
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
( U7 Y# |6 W4 a( X$ }5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-/ H6 k' a4 A4 ^: Q
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-, ?- ^8 I- [, m" }0 ]
tives. There were no siblings.2 n' X1 F/ q" L0 z5 e6 [1 U4 T
Physical Examination
% ]! W+ {* o, L) p: U' rThe physical examination revealed a very active," r3 O# r+ p1 r3 {4 z
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
) L* Q5 G! l3 N, L( p3 X1 Qa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
6 N- |# _& R6 F& p: z& P9 g( W90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg5 |3 b! t9 k+ C5 |$ V9 q
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
0 A1 y4 s1 e1 L/ L! J7 t+ @velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of# J( ?4 }3 s5 t# r
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
2 P: x+ `, k0 ~+ WThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
5 v- }8 K+ X4 a( \3 d6 b+ tenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
7 L7 H d7 w3 \* G% m8 A2 c- H1 S8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well; e2 r/ o* }3 E
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around/ q% s% B3 }+ G; B$ L( |4 z
540) O% ~5 w- T6 T7 }3 }
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
' Z* b) t, G5 \# E8 ^the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
) t/ h/ m3 ]0 r$ x6 j( Ctesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.+ C1 `- N4 b! Z* A+ d9 a- t4 ~' ?
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat) p) S4 ], D& }
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
& d* W8 g5 E& W) |+ U" k" Babnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.' A( B* J" }6 W; n- [; r% k% j! n1 \
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+7 f: M2 @. z- K, B( P9 j. w
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
) Q* {0 Q8 P" ?8 c0 R: E0 n' [: bof papilledema.) d# e* g' j, Y3 Z
Laboratory Evaluation' U, r1 W2 p N
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by( X: k4 P! n, c9 J4 D
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
* L* l7 `' \1 _9 }7 O* Zlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
" [( X2 m3 @) @& v& Fkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test! M) h+ D# ] c
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu- A2 L& {, {5 B8 t) r7 B
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
; Y9 d+ f! f# ^3 E7 `. _The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
$ ~! x* }4 W4 ^" Eurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were8 F; Z& f1 N( ^( X4 R R
within normal range for his age. The concentration, y4 d8 X/ ~8 J/ A8 w2 [
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
2 v0 X& z6 |* t5 Q% v0 ~. {5 f(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20, b' X6 R: z, \, p% h! K
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-- U e1 G5 g( v- D7 u4 q
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),7 X' x7 q* m; y1 J: c/ F. r& M/ t
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to% ~' ^, y8 X3 c/ H+ r2 w
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
6 l, _) ^" g. N5 t. {# _4 owas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-! ^" V, }; i7 }6 Q: M! R- ^
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total# L! S1 v: o) y# L0 E3 U8 H
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
0 o( {8 U$ W4 r$ [. ~. x7 Mand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than: Z/ [8 \2 Z3 z0 |
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular! d/ n& f: c0 k! `& m/ R$ D
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone; [! w3 ~ z) A% e* Q! k
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
; v5 S& A, l1 F. _/ P(prepubertal).
) m" W# |& O7 w3 f1 E8 u$ p* ]* UThe parents were notified about the laboratory/ W; f4 m, u# x2 V; K: K/ O+ a
results and were informed that all of the tests were
. v: q2 [: @ ?! rnormal except the testosterone level was high. The2 c' R) Q$ k/ z1 P
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
! T0 J0 H. } V oobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
/ F$ v' b1 B" g9 Tever, the family did not return for 4 months.
% J# L6 E' R, K8 `. KPhysical examination at this time revealed that the5 I1 }1 Q% s0 b# P4 Q+ ]
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
t. @7 c( {8 P) Q6 U+ J: v2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained: f* ]4 m! M4 ^0 i; x7 Z5 F4 T
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-9 V! }, b v$ F1 y
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
1 T7 z2 _5 U6 I5 Y/ D0 Vthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
* w( @ C* W) n: }mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
. S2 T6 L) C; a4 G3 O6 k/ m( mThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-" _, a3 k% C% T. n
ing frequent erections.- o1 H5 |8 {* N2 z0 j5 D$ P
Both parents were again questioned about use of
* b9 w, A4 q8 C3 L2 m0 q* G7 kany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
5 d N, X" E7 W' C3 a( G* c; Zthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
, j. ] C1 M1 o2 c$ wTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
8 o* Q% _7 n* r4 c+ A5 N: ouse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-! u9 k( G) s; f& r: j
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
& M, f- B' a* {$ g" X3 g- x: Oa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
! f8 O" I# N& D) k; R* fto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-( ~& c; L( r* x6 J4 i3 v" x
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido+ S( W' E* Z5 c$ N3 H' a
secondary to depression.
' e g" I; Y4 f OThe child slept in the same bed with parents.. b: |$ ^6 B, s" j$ H
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
6 [0 v* Y9 V( d) J( z; a6 Vchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-3 w% e0 }# J" y) V/ E
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.5 ]& \% [5 w8 x, C! R
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
6 N( k8 q* k) [6 X& |, J) \when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
6 u" k+ }# S6 a, t) d- g* hwas high, he then read the product information6 G" \) u k# t
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
9 p, ?: X; Y) M: U, z: Qson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
2 U* L$ f1 o( I8 x- M0 cdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the6 W. G: u- c4 V1 }5 I# w
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had+ I3 T: P$ T$ a7 Q5 }$ @0 P
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
* }+ M( d* k/ ~& ~' x" \test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
$ B5 s) o) p/ o; `% A# e2 ilaboratory to obtain the test.
* U# P- l/ ?2 E7 T7 P- ?3 sDiscussion ?1 n5 }7 g! G1 Z- c
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary% e& d% @6 i; q- b8 o
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
! u; s4 U; M2 T! u |; f8 G/ jPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when! [8 L9 q: y$ s* v- [( h4 t) r q
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-$ p9 g0 C" t! G! m
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
: q5 N3 z, w hmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP+ X+ O8 u. h$ x& C. S' v+ L4 r
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
7 A4 B! O4 c Q1 y( d0 s! R* tresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-0 }2 Z; v, R& ?
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-" v) p) Y1 b* t4 X% Y; ?$ i3 t* X0 w
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
% a7 f2 a! _) \# Jboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-# A, C7 U1 t1 X- |& J. C
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
, Y$ C! R G0 g- X: g* ?3 }rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
n$ v0 B+ M8 L# M: D% U3 ]gonadotropins.1,3
1 K8 Z# m8 x# n- S: N; AGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-/ T5 s; u( ^7 X- u
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
" ~8 @: D, q0 D2 P$ Y; bandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
$ {8 H, E, _0 Z, O! ~. J9 O4 wexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
& k& Q6 J' G/ f8 w/ h9 P1 [# dulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing" v I8 w+ T' a) L l6 ~
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
9 R6 ~$ ?# E) J! eadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious/ N5 [% B3 N) I, _0 ]. ~
puberty in boys.3,4
$ [5 {1 Q* B; ~/ g, C6 gThe most common form of congenital adrenal
2 \/ Y2 M t+ P) Rhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency." r, l9 W4 D$ H2 x6 S/ h2 I
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in! b0 h. ?' B, J
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,8 m' Q. F- V7 g9 y- p5 M
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen2 b9 j- J2 O Q# x- B6 [
excess.1,3
$ C+ W) Z& ? h$ C6 bat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. ?8 m0 G/ ?1 R4 B4 I3 q- O
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20071 I9 X$ x" i: v
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-$ }1 [, `5 b6 K, H& N5 b( z
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
/ I) T% H, d8 \" A* `* v( b* C" das testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
- D' F! v7 ?; n, ]' Wvery young age. The physical findings in these boys% _. [, v. k! C! j
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
* h" h9 u* X2 |4 p6 kincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
1 [) h& d g" ^0 \3 b& nwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
# f# v% H4 O* Z; I: y8 p$ rare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
U: ?8 D" I! e+ K& Xpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
9 e' u& y+ A% u0 g q* _2 Kreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked+ B1 c1 ~! L" _8 U/ l2 {3 q
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only2 L* M& ~3 W" O
males; therefore, other male members of the family
6 y" ]4 v* ]# A S4 m/ mmay have similar precocious puberty.3, l2 t5 \( i5 M2 D* R K4 b
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
5 n) U+ @$ T4 p5 C$ asistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-3 J# }/ K. k1 e* F4 g2 X: |) i
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis" j) w- N9 s+ c% J" T7 Q
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
2 u2 o% ~) o: O8 s3 {started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,5 r+ e5 L( Y9 Y. ^
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the: |+ D/ s# z) n T4 l2 g& m& A
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
; A& Q1 r1 f; f4 y9 pative initial history of androgen exposure, our
* w, T) f( @# q( j3 ^" W2 rbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
7 w* j* g, g) Q$ ~2 G+ Y3 o( c. Peither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
8 k/ y5 B' J4 Ddeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find- z0 K( m: [2 a! J6 M
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.# o0 R* g. D8 @* d
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
- w) d* ]5 u( R0 [+ ^: hsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because: ^4 V/ Y( Z. i3 b; J
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
- v1 @: U6 G5 `9 B4 Zpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and+ T0 T L3 g ?8 \6 ?
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-3 f+ m/ V- X8 q) P3 u. y+ y
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was6 U6 K9 U( r/ }( Y. S( l/ M0 [
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’- q7 h7 P7 L4 M# n( h
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or+ J1 S: j4 f; P0 M
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to1 a8 Y5 z& B, q" k0 K; m/ a" B
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
+ d2 M$ U& E6 \2 O+ hSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
. r+ `) I# Q4 y3 S0 T4 t. J9 ibaseline value in those females who were exposed to
3 O7 q; g1 [7 j- f9 R" g" @8 [4 veven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male- h& `, d y3 X$ ^! Q. D( o" c
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
L; A, G' j8 g8 f) c7 Vtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.4 a; f. A7 I) }
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,: K4 S6 @: H7 |3 r% `! ]' v
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that$ R% d; h7 x; }. _1 [
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-9 D! m: ]0 T% f& M1 G
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
5 S( n- t a4 Z+ g3 factive in young children exposed to testosterone" _9 J; Q1 x* o" ^8 T' s; z
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-2 z% _4 \+ Y2 f1 J8 ~1 k
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to" I8 y9 @' h- l1 r! s
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
1 O: L6 I# ~- M1 Lchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and' D( Z6 { Z$ l9 g& J
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
1 i9 `1 T, P7 |1 ZThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
( T0 J$ m/ _+ X0 i/ Tearly childhood on pubertal development and final9 v& n3 k$ F; A9 K/ a0 a2 R
adult height are not fully known and always remain
2 f; Z) ]: Q5 v5 |a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
: u- U/ `6 {* n' hterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
6 w7 [8 l4 B; p, d2 Y* }% p9 i/ K+ Hacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
( t" v2 h4 ^2 v+ mcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
' m7 S4 \1 c4 T7 E9 ?. x a! \decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
0 [, v$ L& g. p% h8 S5 m% dThere are conflicting reports and controversy
5 m2 ], L1 `# C6 F$ ]0 O* Tover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
+ p1 A4 ~6 v! W& n$ p. {) Gpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal6 Y; {* W3 I! v, G
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-) R/ A+ v% q" y6 R; J# \# O
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
3 Q4 v& t1 b( Y1 D- d. l2 z! `, \Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between0 \/ p; f H/ G/ h
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult0 B0 v/ E6 U& D1 F' _
penile length in clinical studies.) `4 P+ n8 y& k2 x) L1 ]% Z( w
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
0 e9 |5 Z1 ^6 m+ T! fgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from) h4 H K8 g1 {7 d3 @# u' k- T' l
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because" H- Y2 i! o9 H. Z
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.! W& K3 \+ f; m) R; t' u
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
" E$ N( h: v0 J. Idiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at1 n0 w6 Q2 B. H4 h# M) U; j
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult1 s9 o6 p r9 m5 `! o2 M/ O/ G5 x
height will not be affected.# L9 a9 o: @5 B* A H
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-& Q$ _- S' P% P! E% @, q
ability of androgen products in our society may3 U: n! L7 M- @; ]4 v8 j
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
) k/ } K* W T. G+ x! X$ echildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
- A8 d$ K% ^' }* U' A0 G; wgen products must be considered and specific ques-
+ H# N* C0 w3 `) z& o- [, `; r( `tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
2 X, a2 ]1 s/ a, X1 ngel should be asked of the family members during
8 T; @9 C2 P( H! f. u* @ X* c% Sthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
: n! _ j! b, a, V1 n/ V3 rilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
: g" K) s6 S' D& J9 o& Tnosis can be established by just a few tests and by0 }: J6 T$ _, e, K+ v2 W
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
9 ` x) k4 u9 P5 {4 v, h. mhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may- s- _; Y" w$ ?2 d7 O+ S+ ~, y
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive. i) _2 ]% o) {) g* }) R
investigation. The primary care physician should be# x. t8 H+ r7 k( o5 [) ^
aware of this fact, because most of these children
# E: V% H: H9 L5 D$ R5 l1 V6 V# Zmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
! r, {( D+ ~9 P0 _, |4 N4 N# ^Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
" s. O. H! |; b4 r* z; owarning about the virilizing effect on a male or, {- M& y# @) W" M: U j
female child who might come in contact with some-; n/ F; Z5 j8 m! H. d% c
one using any of these products.
5 r$ m+ ]/ i/ m" L: s' F' v+ J: qReferences
0 U3 D* f" J1 U6 P( s1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
8 M% _, G7 ~) Q! ?3 [& I& P' _1 J! Sand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
: m( [3 x9 ~5 c9 T I2 H" Y3 H, x* @Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
% \4 j, [; ]3 |# s2002: 565-628.
6 J* |1 o3 q* Q" n4 q( ~8 F2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
. p# [/ i2 p" b/ @$ o w, xpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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