WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old! K1 A8 G! J8 t4 x; s, j: C6 f
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical9 v( Z! j: V! {8 I) y1 A  s. R
Exposure to Testosterone' V$ K0 t0 X1 k
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
* S6 u  _( Q5 ~3 G2 h& qand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1* [8 Y" r# p: D- p) _3 }
Clinical Pediatrics
) ^, v% V8 C( `+ V/ bVolume 46 Number 6+ Q4 k' X# U- {# P1 c  X
July 2007 540-543
; b1 |  ~/ r! o% Q  _% X© 2007 Sage Publications5 J# v* ?, ]& y, d" k
10.1177/0009922806296651$ H4 o% u8 g6 q" @. d2 \5 C/ m
http://clp.sagepub.com$ m; d2 G% j( ]5 G0 c0 g
hosted at
3 R( [5 L0 L. v+ ^+ Uhttp://online.sagepub.com" V8 y9 ^9 Z. }: @) y8 Q# x1 b( G
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,. `7 Q6 E, Z+ U5 X
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
0 j6 a" N+ I. q3 A6 [0 wprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated; b$ w/ |" ]; E
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
  W4 Q3 T) {/ C! la higher incidence of organic central nervous system+ v9 a; h( x- {1 H( ?3 J
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
4 Z4 d/ }7 c$ g5 t0 I7 Rby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
5 l6 {, U, |, T& x% o& }hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
5 ~- n) x; h/ e; d/ c3 J7 l" \8 z) Ucles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
0 {' X9 s6 W5 s/ o1 }report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
7 y1 L& h, R! I4 ?enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-5 ^0 M4 i. `2 E
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
+ H  a( w+ ]: v! t7 v" `; lto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
4 S8 ~- N  Y/ X; w/ G% Q: X( b( Sthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-  w& `& b* X0 c, z
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this6 v* G* L4 ^3 G6 c
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
8 l" t! }8 X/ {& ctestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
/ _2 b# M$ e- V: w, Rbly more common than the rare case report in the
8 @8 E: Q6 A( y5 J6 P) |$ fliterature.4
$ ]* f, a- I6 G) U- GPatient Report
6 k+ P8 K- P  r2 VA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
  P- a0 H# ~" j& D$ M" X5 Rendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern- B5 z' ~& E0 E0 l6 G5 `1 I
of early sexual development. His mother noticed; d5 T, D. P& Z0 D: _% w
light colored pubic hair development when he was# ]9 f" J/ g5 ]/ n( V: \; Z* E
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
5 e( o+ m; q# k9 j% ?South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
) c* H, J! t5 ~: |4 g/ I/ X/ E1 B  dAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
$ G' O# C( U+ RProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
, F0 o4 t3 B; b' DMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;  p: }; |! N. l, u7 y0 j
e-mail: [email protected].
1 ^5 @! X" ~% @( P- _, M0 gabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became  W: m' F7 @/ _  h
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
/ t) M4 T- e# Xment of his penis and frequent erections. The child# M& d$ P: @6 |, [& g& j2 O+ q
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with  r* Y+ W. S; D* h% V! p" C
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of4 E3 z" ~1 o, t$ i& [! E# Y
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year6 r- w* y& C* P+ C+ [' ^
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
) w- X6 O* l( a2 H0 g) Rsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,# I+ z# l+ T: V
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
0 c1 u. E4 H+ p+ cwas age appropriate.
/ o$ `% e( {. Q# _' ?: b; ~' w- L) kThe family history was remarkable for the father,
& Q4 M9 _# k# w) J. I' B9 i0 twho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,% A5 C: |) ]# @; e+ f
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s4 K6 E$ ^3 h" G
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat/ a1 d) K4 q7 i1 R# k
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.( j& j6 t2 S1 T6 u8 E
The father denied taking any other medication. The
2 a' U4 \" r  P) o8 xchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche1 o, s0 u4 t( R# |4 ~% a
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
9 f# p3 t- i) m" ^5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-$ _  z+ O2 O# K7 O+ U4 k# d
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
: Z. I7 t- P& @* S7 D8 dtives. There were no siblings.
: U3 J# a: n6 z* i6 |+ D1 T$ C9 CPhysical Examination! T6 a, s2 ]6 e  ~
The physical examination revealed a very active,
+ b6 H* A$ y) gplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented; S0 j0 y8 |0 X$ y2 W( G3 W
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was1 J' J: \4 G9 J2 W
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
2 t" q1 S. D. s5 @7 {) w(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth3 a. r+ _% s8 s" y6 G
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of5 F8 P& y2 A  {3 J, X" c
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.  {; F/ o2 p* u4 a! E
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for$ b, F2 Z& f8 J9 a
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of& v4 B5 [- z: S
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
* |2 [* v! ~, \* ~! I- Qdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around, ^8 c# C4 R! i8 l: ?6 L& U
540
6 j0 ^4 E6 t8 a7 Uat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& ]3 Z. ~2 k9 Q/ h
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
% V! J8 c$ w& otesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
0 e# ^% V; k& q+ cThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat3 i2 r$ W  e: c" |# D. j
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no' o, X0 N% D: o
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.' L! x  R% ~) X* c4 ?" Y
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+. M8 [/ i8 Q& ]6 u1 ]
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion) o% P5 H% G6 s9 L& ?4 S
of papilledema.
9 S' G3 w2 m! t" Q4 U  A9 tLaboratory Evaluation
0 a$ ?( b  [4 QThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
$ g6 m3 l  K0 Tusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-6 Q" A/ T. i. u/ Z* E! d& V
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
" J* c' e; }. q2 G9 G  gkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test3 z8 d4 N/ K3 s4 u+ y$ O
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
/ L9 C" d9 b* b/ w/ e; elating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
( Q+ k7 T5 b1 [3 eThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
' c2 Q4 T# g; i5 a7 U( Hurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
% f) ?% R; X# i/ Iwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
0 `0 |! k4 T* Z+ y7 a/ ~) wof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
4 h0 [: r& {6 p(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
7 I. |( M- T% v! U6 T; Ing/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-' m2 O9 A6 z$ p
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),& [/ W, s: R" r
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to- g+ a8 R  C  f) J- H1 n0 w1 h% t+ m
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
3 I3 v6 @5 x% `) I( @& @/ `was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
/ H" q3 q5 d! ntisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total! O1 o. P& V/ d* G
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
; u  j8 D" c) ]6 w+ B. Q; K6 Rand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
" y, y8 E2 C0 O: W: Z5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
( i: }" n$ \6 ^3 I( ~7 _stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone0 \9 ?( O  u1 R5 C* ]$ @( q7 c
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL  Y7 b1 Y" _8 T) B
(prepubertal).
# q% ?; a! L/ J& \$ }% e3 bThe parents were notified about the laboratory
# ~+ ]* Y2 _! E- B2 D) ?, B: rresults and were informed that all of the tests were3 g/ h3 \8 Q* |+ ^
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
9 s8 A5 K  c# Afollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to) m0 B! W) E0 h6 g, A* S
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-, X3 b, B' a8 g- A: `2 B
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
" S& c/ k" p: NPhysical examination at this time revealed that the  W1 U% Z9 y& n" @8 o: \8 f0 p
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained; ?3 X" s' p* z9 y7 P. k
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
4 q) z) v1 y/ N, ]# D' funchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
9 x  Q; i; s0 vpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
6 s7 V2 L( A. W2 E4 c/ xthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2' |# y% g" V. C% v+ F! G9 C) i
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.% B" W- t! a' ~1 T$ I% y
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-, i4 s4 q* K0 U5 _2 S0 i7 d$ ?
ing frequent erections.
' P( c0 |$ I$ x' R9 F' [6 X2 xBoth parents were again questioned about use of
( h1 Q  G% [- o# Tany ointment/creams that they may have applied to% v" }  l$ k' ]% k
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the* E4 c( i  f4 q
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541. U1 P1 Q+ z9 A, ^
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
0 {6 o3 j; O* v* N5 }/ bing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
5 Y& c3 a+ e( g% N  }6 h6 ma year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed7 B: w: F6 ^# v9 U# P
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-# ]8 h0 \9 U$ o& ^. O4 s2 }
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido' y! h, G0 j: [& p% n% l
secondary to depression.
) V5 N/ r1 k% j- l2 d. C8 w, d* SThe child slept in the same bed with parents., v- [1 h3 x6 r- {
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his! k) s3 Q6 x3 t6 e- V
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
7 i2 H1 ?* e( w' T$ Onificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
$ ~9 m5 W5 P) A0 c6 @% F" z/ bThe father also admitted that after the phone call,8 U6 `9 M" @( k" `* K4 S( v
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby, T8 t" A% Y4 r& v
was high, he then read the product information& }/ e! j2 u' `8 B. j; }
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-+ f9 h, `; b, N& O
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
; u: e, d9 q  O% B- i* Ndecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the8 z- ^3 s( [7 p" F; g9 X
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
+ f/ e' J( A! `9 Z5 fbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
) a8 E) a; U; e. x) C& itest was ordered, but the family did not go to the8 r/ S+ ]  t0 h9 U
laboratory to obtain the test./ C  P' n7 i2 D. w3 R5 ]
Discussion
* K& I. z9 i- d9 {4 ~5 ]  i& UPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
3 M. h5 s7 Y5 F3 T3 S- R0 h! usexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
2 T. X2 h( v% a8 Q' O- aPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when7 S( M: H5 Q4 W" e+ Z/ h
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
% [  G7 b. `. L7 C- Tthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
- O1 {$ I$ |. D/ S+ N, `  Omon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
9 m. Y# q( ^( O$ Smay have a central nervous system lesion that is
. K. B$ |6 v* m$ ~1 ^- p6 xresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-% z$ Z# J' l5 A. o
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-2 ?8 C! v9 h& k* K
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
4 }; |. A" j5 T+ a: O  fboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
/ @2 y' a/ _+ g# pization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-7 Z  G7 G% j3 v- B6 V8 ?0 o
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
, k3 U3 m$ m2 ?0 r6 K8 j# Sgonadotropins.1,3& I6 B! v% X1 [) ^3 E6 a* c" D9 b. J
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-" R8 B1 f% N) y
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate4 t6 z  u$ Q3 H" T+ J2 f
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or+ I! J4 H* @/ l0 l
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
& B& Y/ ^0 Z: _  r4 x* x* ?ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
! e  z& g) _& u* x$ Q6 [$ b4 R% k3 Ycongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
4 K& `! d+ z' j9 g. Aadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious" r/ \$ H0 x, |0 X# w. }% `7 }( G
puberty in boys.3,4  ?/ U/ P' z( r
The most common form of congenital adrenal
8 Y4 p( c9 B* S2 C: {. V$ yhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
% x+ k; @- \6 w6 A% ?! z: ?The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in# x6 ~# e/ c8 N: a
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,, X7 m& S4 P' e
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen" q! M+ Q" T/ ~" F
excess.1,3
. w1 o: w  n( J, a) e8 n* `at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 }: ?) N% h! ~% k' {' C! P
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
4 H' I( _* m; n, {9 {A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
6 O6 b# D4 B( h, Hindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
/ e4 F# @) E" c0 S% J0 N. C; fas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a5 y9 l6 C$ \7 |0 v
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
& [0 z" q+ ~% E( r, p. j, hwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
: ~  B# q$ m1 d* _- d; pincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
8 C$ `# Z9 {) P; Q" Y0 Iwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder# ~. h7 H8 }) |( l
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show# A6 |/ g% k0 T) u) i# L  U
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-- @9 b- d' c$ S9 K, q
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
- G9 K1 q$ q* y) G2 _. N' \  nautosomal dominant disorder that affects only, _9 }" X2 q5 U0 d7 Z3 n8 ~
males; therefore, other male members of the family
5 @- v0 K/ i/ X8 Qmay have similar precocious puberty.39 B2 t7 W4 G, Z( x: [" U
In our patient, physical examination was incon-& T/ k0 h8 q9 T& b2 r
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
3 P* v8 ^" _1 B% c# A6 {6 f% o5 qcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis8 p$ r/ v$ L% B, z  v4 ^) ^* F
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
: }% N$ z+ ~( ~) _" m( J: @8 \started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,' n5 v2 [% h+ |5 f6 N
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the/ P2 X9 {9 S0 D/ S) Z/ Y2 q% @
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-( K4 O% K9 ^, e+ [0 I
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our! y5 i, Y- _: t; @8 I" C2 }0 @
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,7 x/ f( f2 V+ }/ D# y! j
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
1 j3 T0 R' O$ i4 `deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-9 t/ N  s' r8 e; n& I
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids., X. Z2 r% F7 ]; I  O, M
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
7 D6 V5 B- _6 {4 W: r) ~4 fsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
: A; i9 \. L# J9 ethe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
. d* b( G7 o$ S) Qpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and" p" K! O$ \6 @1 W
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
$ @3 Y5 u1 `# T1 P$ ~3 u7 Xterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
, `4 b3 J% u3 z. G' gusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
$ W& J1 M  m$ Z2 v3 y7 E$ hDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or& x; t) |- ^5 b6 T6 U& d) y% S( \
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to  a6 z. g0 \% Q8 d/ z3 s$ o
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
' q8 o1 L$ u% \$ G( oSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
. k( y7 }$ `  D5 P4 W& m# y8 R5 cbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
/ l3 ~  q) C$ h% y3 geven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male7 f! T' [' T" W( x( m: m, B* g# P
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
0 u, B, |9 A6 c- Z2 `* `tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
2 s; i) u) ]9 x$ n, X( B& mOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,( \* E/ g1 u- t! v4 l/ Q
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
4 c. e8 ^( U! `6 N3 d7 sdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-& O0 e' l3 p& Q+ c' s, B( P$ V
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more3 s2 A9 H8 w& p. b4 e9 O
active in young children exposed to testosterone
+ P/ H0 e  G3 O) [8 Y9 q# }& L, wexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-* }! U7 `9 t; }( X3 z% i/ f. x
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
3 c+ K0 x) t3 Ovirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
8 b: C. v* A: f6 m4 vchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and6 V/ r0 z/ ~6 E, N
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
* p6 c: P) z/ ]' _The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
' k1 I5 g& B' N6 iearly childhood on pubertal development and final
) z2 f4 f! _' [! Padult height are not fully known and always remain+ g; k+ C; F( N: p! h; v& W+ S
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-  t- s4 U$ n" A3 z* t- x
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
7 q- |& F$ X9 S  }acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after& d; z5 @+ K. g
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation% u6 ^9 F( b/ i* y# B7 K/ U  V/ ?' t
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
# d& \/ h9 `" [0 r( UThere are conflicting reports and controversy' J. A, `* b- r. e
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult( l7 |. _! Y+ x# ~6 z
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal6 Y! Z% E8 V+ Z; J
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
/ T" C# b. ?! a: r6 G  n$ uulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
3 z2 O' W" @# B. X/ PSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
0 \6 ~! o2 S& W# {, Bchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult5 ]& a# Z+ l  A5 o( X
penile length in clinical studies.
  |4 o1 I& h2 o1 W; ~  xNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is3 S& u) v9 e7 F1 I
going to experience any of the untoward effects from3 t1 {3 X5 \0 d# Z, I& l. C
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because4 z' Q# q8 A! q9 R+ `: x% M
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.8 ?9 u4 ^7 o0 y1 s. c3 i6 x
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of( B- E& A. \! t# n
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at* Y  A" G8 K. n% S0 i1 }+ d2 o
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult( \* j1 J- s9 |
height will not be affected.
7 q4 L1 Y/ W- w, I  B& xAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-6 D3 L7 m- _  T1 _8 Y
ability of androgen products in our society may
0 g* n+ Y" h* R; u# }# u! yindeed cause more virilization in male or female
% }7 V+ n3 R7 q; ^: bchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
. u0 c% k1 G. t4 Ogen products must be considered and specific ques-
# q/ R7 R, n: M' E' ]; u9 N9 jtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
) h0 z1 G3 w% r; lgel should be asked of the family members during  O* o  d% S' r5 O9 E
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
9 ~5 Q6 \7 {7 A; x* bilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
) g  i2 X' M5 mnosis can be established by just a few tests and by- S0 `) T7 V' N3 W: d
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
$ {- R# Z: x: Zhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may7 ~$ E0 s' _, g& V
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
0 Z8 P5 o/ E8 Kinvestigation. The primary care physician should be- _' J" g! U  G1 F) [2 K$ t
aware of this fact, because most of these children' ^' m  p$ ~0 r  J  w! R8 I1 V
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’% u) d+ s. U; D7 N) ]' b  `+ q
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
# }6 A1 U: `8 ?/ j8 a+ |7 _) y* fwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or8 e1 N: o0 e( ~( G$ F8 p
female child who might come in contact with some-1 H: f9 w' |& s1 @- d0 r8 X
one using any of these products.
7 ]# Y+ N7 F2 C/ O) U/ d3 CReferences
3 N9 P6 Z7 e4 c1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
; l' u2 ^) g& O& G% G1 j& iand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric5 D+ z. S. |- n2 s1 x' x6 R
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
7 e: F7 C! D. m) |2002: 565-628.
' U7 v2 [) D6 ?& U( L- ]7 {2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
( ?* p8 Y/ P' I6 P, Upuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old  f. b, k6 ]% y! z  p: I
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
$ T% J3 V- S* @4 H5 D8 d2 b% WExposure to Testosterone" ^9 E9 M! W, ]3 j, b
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
$ ?0 W7 L  d, eand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
$ |/ K+ W8 F! O0 `& c$ `+ I! L! L  ]Clinical Pediatrics! u+ `, z. F: W
Volume 46 Number 6
/ _' S* S: t+ iJuly 2007 540-543
- H7 Q2 ~$ |. y! Z) G( x/ E5 L© 2007 Sage Publications5 |7 i/ H) e' w6 N# J5 |7 ?
10.1177/0009922806296651
; c( ]3 U; _. O4 K" ~http://clp.sagepub.com
4 G7 @4 ], d; ~6 A) r1 ~$ r$ U& Nhosted at
- [5 ~; `1 ~9 b$ G& i! mhttp://online.sagepub.com
* T4 W2 S) X% \# A' G$ d! IPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,) U6 Z) v  f  H; W
is a significant concern for physicians. Central  x/ G1 f( `  D7 f/ c  O3 U: B
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated. ?2 x2 L; e$ e0 g( P
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has7 a6 L- \( X, j1 [( Z0 ?( Q% n6 v
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system! \' \6 e5 d& G' L, ~5 |
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested) G1 x# b8 f8 |5 N/ `7 ]  f
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
- [, }* h( W9 k& d# K8 ?% S6 Nhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
% d# [% I4 o- L6 K8 ]% Y) ?cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
: k( t( [( Z- H( lreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the6 w( f" `0 s% e' x+ G4 h/ i% ?* W
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-7 s2 u  b' I$ T$ U8 T
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due1 t5 u. f! ^9 k+ m8 h8 g, d
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by, y0 ]5 C' [5 ~6 C% U
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
" c$ f! ?+ C! \: Y( Wmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this9 m% C  V; ?% B1 p  C- k
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of) i2 P  k: w! M
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-  D/ P0 ]( k1 w+ v
bly more common than the rare case report in the0 d) \) g3 n. }- U' `
literature.4
4 _9 d1 s6 x' |8 B) n) l* [Patient Report- N% Y8 t0 ?4 u# E. x! j( t
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
# `6 a8 Y+ |- f8 [4 r# R! aendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern5 e1 |1 H+ n) T) U9 R- r
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
4 a9 b8 L% y. T4 Z0 Clight colored pubic hair development when he was
2 l& Z. j( U5 o! ^From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of8 d( ]" c1 y9 d. i4 _- H7 [
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
0 k6 o& i: u( s* P, G2 yAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,& m. d) _9 ]4 f; r* Z/ w* U
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of* I7 U  G2 k) z- O* z
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
0 f2 W% u8 b3 d$ ~e-mail: [email protected].& G8 X( A; m7 u
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
1 ]$ j) X5 s' _( s) A- I4 d8 fdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-6 x9 E8 H1 w: S4 d7 m
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
# N& _$ ?/ }9 twas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with; K: z" |8 ]9 c" X8 m- n( {& m7 e
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
, V  c7 v3 h8 Z20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year6 i& h* `9 P$ @" n) C/ R/ W  r
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
+ ~# a' Q( x% U: K' Ksolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,+ [2 `4 M2 W$ ^+ e: Y: B1 M
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development; g; X% G- M3 N* ?
was age appropriate.
2 Q8 R# m; P1 ]  X3 [1 w% PThe family history was remarkable for the father,4 t1 Q6 y- E" D0 ~# y( x
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,* W! o* U; }# A5 m  C
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
( _$ \. T( p% Nheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat' T" V; g! c! `, Y6 J3 \5 r
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
. p. L9 j2 a. ~2 _5 RThe father denied taking any other medication. The& M$ ^5 n& R, U
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche) [: K0 N" u. {4 U! [' R
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
( U7 Y# |6 W4 a( X$ }5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-/ H6 k' a4 A4 ^: Q
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-, ?- ^8 I- [, m" }0 ]
tives. There were no siblings.2 n' X1 F/ q" L0 z5 e6 [1 U4 T
Physical Examination
% ]! W+ {* o, L) p: U' rThe physical examination revealed a very active," r3 O# r+ p1 r3 {4 z
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
) L* Q5 G! l3 N, L( p3 X1 Qa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
6 N- |# _& R6 F& p: z& P9 g( W90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg5 |3 b! t9 k+ C5 |$ V9 q
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
0 A1 y4 s1 e1 L/ L! J7 t+ @velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of# J( ?4 }3 s5 t# r
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
2 P: x+ `, k0 ~+ WThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
5 v- }8 K+ X4 a( \3 d6 b+ tenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
7 L7 H  d7 w3 \* G% m8 A2 c- H1 S8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well; e2 r/ o* }3 E
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around/ q% s% B3 }+ G; B$ L( |4 z
540) O% ~5 w- T6 T7 }3 }
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
' Z* b) t, G5 \# E8 ^the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
) t/ h/ m3 ]0 r$ x6 j( Ctesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.+ C1 `- N4 b! Z* A+ d9 a- t4 ~' ?
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat) p) S4 ], D& }
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
& d* W8 g5 E& W) |+ U" k" Babnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.' A( B* J" }6 W; n- [; r% k% j! n1 \
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+7 f: M2 @. z- K, B( P9 j. w
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
) Q* {0 Q8 P" ?8 c0 R: E0 n' [: bof papilledema.) d# e* g' j, Y3 Z
Laboratory Evaluation' U, r1 W2 p  N
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by( X: k4 P! n, c9 J4 D
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
* L* l7 `' \1 _9 }7 O* Zlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
" [( X2 m3 @) @& v& Fkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test! M) h+ D# ]  c
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-  A2 L& {, {5 B8 t) r7 B
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
; Y9 d+ f! f# ^3 E7 `. _The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
$ ~! x* }4 W4 ^" Eurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were8 F; Z& f1 N( ^( X4 R  R
within normal range for his age. The concentration, y4 d8 X/ ~8 J/ A8 w2 [
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
2 v0 X& z6 |* t5 Q% v0 ~. {5 f(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20, b' X6 R: z, \, p% h! K
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-- U  e1 G5 g( v- D7 u4 q
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),7 X' x7 q* m; y1 J: c/ F. r& M/ t
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to% ~' ^, y8 X3 c/ H+ r2 w
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
6 l, _) ^" g. N5 t. {# _4 owas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-! ^" V, }; i7 }6 Q: M! R- ^
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total# L! S1 v: o) y# L0 E3 U8 H
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
0 o( {8 U$ W4 r$ [. ~. x7 Mand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than: Z/ [8 \2 Z3 z0 |
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular! d/ n& f: c0 k! `& m/ R$ D
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone; [! w3 ~  z) A% e* Q! k
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
; v5 S& A, l1 F. _/ P(prepubertal).
) m" W# |& O7 w3 f1 E8 u$ p* ]* UThe parents were notified about the laboratory/ W; f4 m, u# x2 V; K: K/ O+ a
results and were informed that all of the tests were
. v: q2 [: @  ?! rnormal except the testosterone level was high. The2 c' R) Q$ k/ z1 P
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
! T0 J0 H. }  V  oobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
/ F$ v' b1 B" g9 Tever, the family did not return for 4 months.
% J# L6 E' R, K8 `. KPhysical examination at this time revealed that the5 I1 }1 Q% s0 b# P4 Q+ ]
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
  t. @7 c( {8 P) Q6 U+ J: v2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained: f* ]4 m! M4 ^0 i; x7 Z5 F4 T
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-9 V! }, b  v$ F1 y
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
1 T7 z2 _5 U6 I5 Y/ D0 Vthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
* w( @  C* W) n: }mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
. S2 T6 L) C; a4 G3 O6 k/ m( mThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-" _, a3 k% C% T. n
ing frequent erections.- o1 H5 |8 {* N2 z0 j5 D$ P
Both parents were again questioned about use of
* b9 w, A4 q8 C3 L2 m0 q* G7 kany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
5 d  N, X" E7 W' C3 a( G* c; Zthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
, j. ]  C1 M1 o2 c$ wTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
8 o* Q% _7 n* r4 c+ A5 N: ouse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-! u9 k( G) s; f& r: j
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
& M, f- B' a* {$ g" X3 g- x: Oa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
! f8 O" I# N& D) k; R* fto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-( ~& c; L( r* x6 J4 i3 v" x
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido+ S( W' E* Z5 c$ N3 H' a
secondary to depression.
' e  g" I; Y4 f  OThe child slept in the same bed with parents.. b: |$ ^6 B, s" j$ H
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
6 [0 v* Y9 V( d) J( z; a6 Vchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-3 w% e0 }# J" y) V/ E
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.5 ]& \% [5 w8 x, C! R
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
6 N( k8 q* k) [6 X& |, J) \when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
6 u" k+ }# S6 a, t) d- g* hwas high, he then read the product information6 G" \) u  k# t
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
9 p, ?: X; Y) M: U, z: Qson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
2 U* L$ f1 o( I8 x- M0 cdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the6 W. G: u- c4 V1 }5 I# w
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had+ I3 T: P$ T$ a7 Q5 }$ @0 P
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
* }+ M( d* k/ ~& ~' x" \test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
$ B5 s) o) p/ o; `% A# e2 ilaboratory to obtain the test.
* U# P- l/ ?2 E7 T7 P- ?3 sDiscussion  ?1 n5 }7 g! G1 Z- c
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary% e& d% @6 i; q- b8 o
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
! u; s4 U; M2 T! u  |; f8 G/ jPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when! [8 L9 q: y$ s* v- [( h4 t) r  q
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-$ p9 g0 C" t! G! m
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
: q5 N3 z, w  hmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP+ X+ O8 u. h$ x& C. S' v+ L4 r
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
7 A4 B! O4 c  Q1 y( d0 s! R* tresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-0 }2 Z; v, R& ?
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-" v) p) Y1 b* t4 X% Y; ?$ i3 t* X0 w
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
% a7 f2 a! _) \# Jboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-# A, C7 U1 t1 X- |& J. C
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
, Y$ C! R  G0 g- X: g* ?3 }rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
  n$ v0 B+ M8 L# M: D% U3 ]gonadotropins.1,3
1 K8 Z# m8 x# n- S: N; AGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-/ T5 s; u( ^7 X- u
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
" ~8 @: D, q0 D2 P$ Y; bandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
$ {8 H, E, _0 Z, O! ~. J9 O4 wexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
& k& Q6 J' G/ f8 w/ h9 P1 [# dulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing" v  I8 w+ T' a) L  l6 ~
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
9 R6 ~$ ?# E) J! eadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious/ N5 [% B3 N) I, _0 ]. ~
puberty in boys.3,4
$ [5 {1 Q* B; ~/ g, C6 gThe most common form of congenital adrenal
2 \/ Y2 M  t+ P) Rhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency." r, l9 W4 D$ H2 x6 S/ h2 I
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in! b0 h. ?' B, J
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,8 m' Q. F- V7 g9 y- p5 M
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen2 b9 j- J2 O  Q# x- B6 [
excess.1,3
$ C+ W) Z& ?  h$ C6 bat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. ?8 m0 G/ ?1 R4 B4 I3 q- O
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20071 I9 X$ x" i: v
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-$ }1 [, `5 b6 K, H& N5 b( z
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
/ I) T% H, d8 \" A* `* v( b* C" das testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
- D' F! v7 ?; n, ]' Wvery young age. The physical findings in these boys% _. [, v. k! C! j
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
* h" h9 u* X2 |4 p6 kincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
1 [) h& d  g" ^0 \3 b& nwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
# f# v% H4 O* Z; I: y8 p$ rare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
  U: ?8 D" I! e+ K& Xpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
9 e' u& y+ A% u0 g  q* _2 Kreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked+ B1 c1 ~! L" _8 U/ l2 {3 q
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only2 L* M& ~3 W" O
males; therefore, other male members of the family
6 y" ]4 v* ]# A  S4 m/ mmay have similar precocious puberty.3, l2 t5 \( i5 M2 D* R  K4 b
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
5 n) U+ @$ T4 p5 C$ asistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-3 J# }/ K. k1 e* F4 g2 X: |) i
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis" j) w- N9 s+ c% J" T7 Q
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
2 u2 o% ~) o: O8 s3 {started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,5 r+ e5 L( Y9 Y. ^
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the: |+ D/ s# z) n  T4 l2 g& m& A
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
; A& Q1 r1 f; f4 y9 pative initial history of androgen exposure, our
* w, T) f( @# q( j3 ^" W2 rbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
7 w* j* g, g) Q$ ~2 G+ Y3 o( c. Peither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
8 k/ y5 B' J4 Ddeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-  z0 K( m: [2 a! J6 M
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.# o0 R* g. D8 @* d
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
- w) d* ]5 u( R0 [+ ^: hsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because: ^4 V/ Y( Z. i3 b; J
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
- v1 @: U6 G5 `9 B4 Zpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and+ T0 T  L3 g  ?8 \6 ?
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-3 f+ m/ V- X8 q) P3 u. y+ y
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was6 U6 K9 U( r/ }( Y. S( l/ M0 [
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’- q7 h7 P7 L4 M# n( h
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or+ J1 S: j4 f; P0 M
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to1 a8 Y5 z& B, q" k0 K; m/ a" B
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
+ d2 M$ U& E6 \2 O+ hSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
. r+ `) I# Q4 y3 S0 T4 t. J9 ibaseline value in those females who were exposed to
3 O7 q; g1 [7 j- f9 R" g" @8 [4 veven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male- h& `, d  y3 X$ ^! Q. D( o" c
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
  L; A, G' j8 g8 f) c7 Vtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.4 a; f. A7 I) }
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,: K4 S6 @: H7 |3 r% `! ]' v
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that$ R% d; h7 x; }. _1 [
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-9 D! m: ]0 T% f& M1 G
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
5 S( n- t  a4 Z+ g3 factive in young children exposed to testosterone" _9 J; Q1 x* o" ^8 T' s; z
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-2 z% _4 \+ Y2 f1 J8 ~1 k
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to" I8 y9 @' h- l1 r! s
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
1 O: L6 I# ~- M1 Lchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and' D( Z6 {  Z$ l9 g& J
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
1 i9 `1 T, P7 |1 ZThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
( T0 J$ m/ _+ X0 i/ Tearly childhood on pubertal development and final9 v& n3 k$ F; A9 K/ a0 a2 R
adult height are not fully known and always remain
2 f; Z) ]: Q5 v5 |a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
: u- U/ `6 {* n' hterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
6 w7 [8 l4 B; p, d2 Y* }% p9 i/ K+ Hacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
( t" v2 h4 ^2 v+ mcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
' m7 S4 \1 c4 T7 E9 ?. x  a! \decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
0 [, v$ L& g. p% h8 S5 m% dThere are conflicting reports and controversy
5 m2 ], L1 `# C6 F$ ]0 O* Tover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
+ p1 A4 ~6 v! W& n$ p. {) Gpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal6 Y; {* W3 I! v, G
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-) R/ A+ v% q" y6 R; J# \# O
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
3 Q4 v& t1 b( Y1 D- d. l2 z! `, \Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between0 \/ p; f  H/ G/ h
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult0 B0 v/ E6 U& D1 F' _
penile length in clinical studies.) `4 P+ n8 y& k2 x) L1 ]% Z( w
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
0 e9 |5 Z1 ^6 m+ T! fgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from) h4 H  K8 g1 {7 d3 @# u' k- T' l
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because" H- Y2 i! o9 H. Z
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.! W& K3 \+ f; m) R; t' u
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
" E$ N( h: v0 J. Idiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at1 n0 w6 Q2 B. H4 h# M) U; j
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult1 s9 o6 p  r9 m5 `! o2 M/ O/ G5 x
height will not be affected.# L9 a9 o: @5 B* A  H
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-& Q$ _- S' P% P! E% @, q
ability of androgen products in our society may3 U: n! L7 M- @; ]4 v8 j
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
) k/ }  K* W  T. G+ x! X$ echildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
- A8 d$ K% ^' }* U' A0 G; wgen products must be considered and specific ques-
+ H# N* C0 w3 `) z& o- [, `; r( `tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
2 X, a2 ]1 s/ a, X1 ngel should be asked of the family members during
8 T; @9 C2 P( H! f. u* @  X* c% Sthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
: n! _  j! b, a, V1 n/ V3 rilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
: g" K) s6 S' D& J9 o& Tnosis can be established by just a few tests and by0 }: J6 T$ _, e, K+ v2 W
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
9 `  x) k4 u9 P5 {4 v, h. mhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may- s- _; Y" w$ ?2 d7 O+ S+ ~, y
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive. i) _2 ]% o) {) g* }) R
investigation. The primary care physician should be# x. t8 H+ r7 k( o5 [) ^
aware of this fact, because most of these children
# E: V% H: H9 L5 D$ R5 l1 V6 V# Zmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
! r, {( D+ ~9 P0 _, |4 N4 N# ^Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
" s. O. H! |; b4 r* z; owarning about the virilizing effect on a male or, {- M& y# @) W" M: U  j
female child who might come in contact with some-; n/ F; Z5 j8 m! H. d% c
one using any of these products.
5 r$ m+ ]/ i/ m" L: s' F' v+ J: qReferences
0 U3 D* f" J1 U6 P( s1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
8 M% _, G7 ~) Q! ?3 [& I& P' _1 J! Sand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
: m( [3 x9 ~5 c9 T  I2 H" Y3 H, x* @Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
% \4 j, [; ]3 |# s2002: 565-628.
6 J* |1 o3 q* Q" n4 q( ~8 F2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
. p# [/ i2 p" b/ @$ o  w, xpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

- n7 ^- h' G8 J6 P+ e精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表