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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
; S/ d) X6 C' H$ {( C n, _Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
' E) w$ Z$ w& ?1 W+ a; c. ]# jExposure to Testosterone
; X' s, O( X& c7 F* [0 K: ?2 jSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
7 W( N' E* o& G! `& z3 F2 eand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1* @8 u9 r, _4 j6 a/ K. U8 ^
Clinical Pediatrics
$ s, j2 C! ?3 ~+ P& _Volume 46 Number 61 m, G) a. s( F( c
July 2007 540-543( R! V) G/ `9 \, I& a# k
© 2007 Sage Publications
* Q3 q% `3 ^1 _# C0 Y10.1177/0009922806296651( t; @( K( S+ z
http://clp.sagepub.com
5 ~* g# S/ Y% K7 F* Bhosted at5 \! J& P9 |) r: a) v3 T
http://online.sagepub.com
0 I+ G P0 I# }& i# R/ zPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
/ Q% t# V2 Q/ w) S8 |! h' l8 Ris a significant concern for physicians. Central
0 {# g6 h2 @4 o4 s' k% aprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
0 t4 l% @; d6 x2 c$ D) uthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
5 z. p$ o, X' J) pa higher incidence of organic central nervous system% @' _ s5 o6 e# O, Q$ q
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested( N( e* L( ?/ [, v
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic# J4 ^' l" g h
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
@# M9 ~4 y0 U5 p5 hcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We) l% a7 r+ Q. J- X/ N
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the) [4 y+ {( B5 p+ t5 S
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-$ U! o. E3 t( S$ P2 [/ R5 z4 \
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
+ [* Y, n9 w" Z0 Cto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
1 V; g# k0 V# t: |, ] d+ r1 E4 Vthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
+ I* A' m) ?% l& ~, }; imation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
; g) C0 U: G6 y3 ~+ V7 Z' W' Kchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of- i( [% E9 {8 V+ \2 y" G$ }. h, V
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
4 E" A2 @$ j8 m$ Dbly more common than the rare case report in the
0 f' Z+ _/ T+ Q8 q; |* gliterature.4
^* L( o8 G; @, W8 |: t0 PPatient Report* q' |0 S. k; |: d& ^
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the( f: ^* g2 S) u! Z% [* L" ?* X
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
2 F7 T8 y3 d, Y- Uof early sexual development. His mother noticed
$ }% D4 ?; E: M! V# D( zlight colored pubic hair development when he was
$ X1 l. i D' GFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of; p# {$ q0 u m9 B: P+ e
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.1 [% W- {6 G% }3 t2 r! H0 g8 J. b
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE, [* K2 H' i8 S) O
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of0 b) K# f9 C4 u5 K6 }, ~
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
* P" b% c; B$ `/ x: r5 Q+ ? S, ue-mail: [email protected].) t- i9 A- F3 n6 z
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
, X3 o- s2 r" n$ [darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-) E4 l5 c* D/ G) k6 F2 O
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child* ^5 l8 ]: I5 O$ l/ M" ?
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with5 P U" p0 m8 p; @3 ]" d2 F5 _
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of$ @" [! n# }$ R n1 {
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year8 h1 G7 H- s' K
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
# j- F# D" Y% n y' nsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,, @3 t. G% x+ ~% K
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 k1 Z( h$ X: n4 T$ I0 @
was age appropriate.
$ U, Q" g3 F& x: dThe family history was remarkable for the father,% S3 y4 E. C% k. w! Q& k
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,4 f% U1 U( ^' W2 K: C+ U
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
6 h% ~1 Z/ Q; k* _1 C7 E2 |height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat9 O! G% p. h2 G' X$ i" d* e
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
4 X$ M' R0 x1 ?The father denied taking any other medication. The2 y+ _: @6 S p$ }8 {9 P L5 g9 z7 I
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
4 s8 r9 `7 W8 M# p- jwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
: c9 q. a) _' Y5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
y# c7 u+ B3 {, o8 N* u" f' fcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-: y7 |$ p! C/ D4 J) j7 E) _
tives. There were no siblings.
% \4 S5 ]3 g. H! |# H( a* iPhysical Examination
, T# C% x' X9 s+ i/ E2 c) VThe physical examination revealed a very active,
" B" M R' c M9 E0 H" eplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented: c+ m" ?# p; L; [
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was/ R- z' ~" r2 Y8 r
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg; b# W- O% \3 m6 |4 d A" ?
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth8 i9 f2 |( a% s' N. h
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of% ` F8 b$ K! T, h/ ~" ^& ~4 R
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.6 [1 l8 {! M2 z2 i$ y) k
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for, }' Q) ^' `9 y
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of+ K2 n) M4 I: P4 m
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
/ d2 H2 Q) x" e8 p" h3 k: ]developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
9 F( f0 c' L0 V- s9 ~540
8 b9 k5 n5 y2 H0 s. L7 r3 G! Hat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from; a: h" D0 b' b, |( D
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The- R/ l# _4 t$ K$ `) R F, x
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.* K8 L* m$ s1 H# h
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat/ l4 v$ [( i1 N8 w' M I
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no1 E$ c) f* {- O- o) |- g
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
6 [% C6 y5 e$ KNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+; x y- z1 n* a) V
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion0 B- e+ a) ~( @+ h2 v8 r) {
of papilledema.
+ s9 | m) @, V2 xLaboratory Evaluation% }4 Q3 B7 x0 E, ?2 W+ U; o4 o O
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by+ E: H" g9 c1 B7 P4 G
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-3 h4 |' M( U5 A, M; n8 }) N
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal$ G7 f3 |4 ?6 X- O
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test; o* |- ?, H, k* J$ W
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-5 e, ]4 a3 y2 ^4 |/ Z+ X, o" f y
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).+ ] ~; S: r! q: x# C D
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
4 W5 u, }* D9 ~7 j I' Q- Eurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
5 X& r$ U$ w9 _' {+ Uwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
3 `' g" @3 _1 K3 c& N/ pof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL$ W; l" v. h- V( s! ^9 I
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
! ?/ s9 H1 ^# O0 v8 N1 i8 Vng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros- | k3 T1 p6 k9 k$ ?4 w
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),5 E8 T/ I- Q3 p; H& S
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
$ F1 X0 B0 b! q/ c) G3 V. o0 l49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)2 W" I* h3 o2 [: J! R
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
" U. l0 k2 ~) V" C9 Q3 btisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total- S @3 k7 X( A* e% R. p
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),, H8 y0 }1 ^" x. p; K! {
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
! r/ ?4 Q. G. t' u# o* c5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular. @2 Y5 ^! L* z6 b& [6 D1 O
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone7 ?1 s* i" F J2 _- ~" D3 u
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
+ y6 _$ I0 o( M. o4 y7 ~ l(prepubertal).
" ]% o( H& {2 M1 _& QThe parents were notified about the laboratory( L) O! L& n& A0 R) o4 m9 A
results and were informed that all of the tests were
6 a/ ]" r, f6 O. f( Z% tnormal except the testosterone level was high. The% `- ], b* u0 s+ J
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to9 V% E0 R$ R0 H
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-7 i, w8 F2 T5 o1 m4 l6 g" C
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
+ n7 h% B/ @& [4 tPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
+ `* {5 \+ Q- k! v3 q0 Q5 S g( K6 Tchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
* {2 ^. P. I+ L2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained. g5 x9 Z e7 y, N
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
: a) V1 J) k! I* `6 `pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at0 n2 d* I% L9 T: D' t2 m+ j5 m
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
3 E0 a8 C' G4 p' q, l# hmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.3 }- _1 X: h3 N
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
0 }" t1 r7 U- Z7 J3 c0 s3 @* Ling frequent erections.
0 r! ]6 q% z7 G# c" E/ D( gBoth parents were again questioned about use of% {6 A, G: [) c5 ?
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
! u0 D4 g: [# {5 J" \the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the# O8 ~ n* z7 D$ |* i' V0 f
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541; E) J: @4 o* h6 y
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-* j1 V' J- O# ]4 r1 L
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
. C' F* `) ]0 ya year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed. M0 H4 a% |$ [: Z/ Y
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
U- I2 l5 b% i) a/ F5 uscribed by his family physician for decreased libido& q1 J. R4 R& C4 b, R
secondary to depression.
1 P4 m q: B9 n7 `, gThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
1 N' U' w* H" m% ~The father would hug the baby and hold him on his3 w2 B d5 c$ N5 {; C9 H" `
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-( ^" ^/ l! F0 P# |4 Z) F+ o! b
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.: E2 f' F! t2 j$ J* o0 f, O
The father also admitted that after the phone call,- B% {3 |9 S, b7 f- D8 A
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
+ ] H/ ]* L' B9 `. z$ A) c8 Zwas high, he then read the product information
8 q) @' q0 `' o$ Tpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
1 }6 s9 M$ }* G9 c& X) [- Q/ uson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
- W u- ?6 s# J1 \5 idecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the) p; [) }6 ^% B
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had% H1 e r( t( U M X5 s0 q5 h) w
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
( g! R" E+ S. n1 j/ V& X8 _( [test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
- T2 E3 b$ ` a/ r- @% slaboratory to obtain the test.: p) c9 F/ r3 E+ Y! T
Discussion
0 ^' f+ P9 I1 U4 F7 q0 y4 C" OPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary* f% g8 ~" F, V% x
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
: j: N/ V" R$ APrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when- b3 w: ~9 E: G: r4 D$ ?
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
3 l' S$ U# R! M4 c6 Z$ Vthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
+ k u. S: Y" lmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP4 e& o. {8 x/ o5 r& G/ o; \
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
( T x+ s7 H# O, Kresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-6 d& M. j' g: ~4 z, R' H- V' O
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-! D2 M' ^; F1 Y- r
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in9 q' o1 `3 x) C* t J2 G
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-/ L6 a2 z- y( p$ O7 V, S/ W
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
' ]- t# D |; u7 T5 Rrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by. w- s+ R$ ^* B
gonadotropins.1,3 s1 ~) K" X- \2 H
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
! F3 [- {3 s; Ucious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
( e* ~% n5 o& z6 F% Xandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or6 D+ V: ? l* p2 f* B
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
5 c" y1 r* N/ O G; S5 W. |ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing+ ~3 q! s3 k1 x! y$ V/ V
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
6 ^$ {& w) b$ Nadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious' c2 d/ y7 X$ Y* R
puberty in boys.3,4
" B* X8 W/ Y2 Y1 D7 d- |The most common form of congenital adrenal
0 D: ^2 P" G# |/ _9 k6 Whyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
* c" ^ N0 z6 n( L8 o0 QThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
$ ]" N2 q# B- h; texcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
7 ]- [" r+ t/ ^& t h7 n8 ~. T6 van adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen) y% v1 K9 b$ D: f% i
excess.1,36 X" u: M# j+ F- |
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
- ]4 Z: \; H- P7 \4 i, t542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
& Q# [1 c/ J1 @- c9 ~% d9 E0 Z# FA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-/ y2 V. x( W2 F: w2 j" u
independent precocious puberty, which is also known' Q/ P. }% Q( U! P! x& p
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a; x# f# X/ s$ _ U3 C7 F4 J
very young age. The physical findings in these boys6 w+ G+ |3 p9 ?$ b
with this disorder are full pubertal development,8 ]) z; N! I. B) M2 O* P
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
- d, _3 K% f+ X+ m" Q4 j* wwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder3 W5 J( t( E) A0 I. z
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show" h5 Y" @+ t/ j/ K8 [( U
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-9 g1 ^7 ]+ |( c* _
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked1 }/ y. K. Q$ s/ }* x
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
0 n& j+ f2 T5 W) q @" ~$ Cmales; therefore, other male members of the family
0 u% \& ^1 ]! G0 o" ?may have similar precocious puberty.3
/ @9 ~2 k, ]2 A7 _8 A) RIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
7 L7 B8 x. D' y( q. bsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
. z' I5 t, p6 b n3 K+ Hcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
4 ]* E* p/ z' \1 Twas in the differential diagnosis because his father
. C. [$ R. g* M# c, p1 vstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,' _0 n4 z- X4 |
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
4 \# l" N* `( Q- y$ N- Ibeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
! f5 q; d* }; h |4 f: X$ Pative initial history of androgen exposure, our+ `8 N$ u B9 ~
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
# u0 Y2 i# P( |/ \1 Yeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase3 |+ o9 L/ _8 V5 y/ G) T0 i' j# B
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-9 p# ], x& t7 q! r7 i$ }8 ]; |
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids., D+ S& w: Y, s9 ]
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly2 j8 K& }, n+ g6 d8 @
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
, Q' K+ t" w7 V, U' L4 ^the physical examination revealed the complete disap-4 L P2 E: t. N& q8 d' Z* ]
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and5 O! v [0 [" j ]# ] Q
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
# o2 \# `: o: d# w9 Yterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was% W5 |5 R! W5 m+ D* l
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
2 c! M X* _' j% M fDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
# }6 l$ g* i6 }- J* }8 Q' a) bcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to) j3 I9 B' L) x7 Y
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.- ]( `: V* Z' X
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the' c) }# c* M2 `$ j9 @/ K0 u
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
5 O n% [6 H/ E4 V" ?even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male9 d! E ]( W9 B. Q3 P
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
; o& p/ q. o4 O; btion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
; g! z8 }$ i/ OOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,7 B C4 J+ m% S! N. l7 F6 R% X- m' _
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
9 g( Z# K5 j h+ [ m0 ]* e- F) ydermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-" V5 U) ^ |6 X. g+ F9 D
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more$ ^2 `4 Z0 G$ k6 L% D
active in young children exposed to testosterone [+ u1 i/ L8 V% {# g
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
$ x% x, U) @7 Tdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to( [% N0 @% y9 b; r9 {; {: O
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
1 c- S* j8 [( G" }+ ochildren results in an increase in growth velocity and- ~- ]* A, b [# a5 z- a
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.! r3 E6 S' Q, L9 d. p' Y1 Y6 ]' _
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
. N! J7 h' s1 V, l1 @early childhood on pubertal development and final8 M+ j+ ?; S; q/ W6 L& N @8 R2 z
adult height are not fully known and always remain
0 |- ]9 j% Q0 P' V9 g2 B! h) [5 Da concern. Children treated with short-term testos-, b; K( h$ @$ [0 S* F6 d6 [
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some) k) t/ {- V' E# i( y% o3 R
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
% R* {. O- }" _3 l- fcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
8 v# J3 o7 w4 B' x Udecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9+ L1 M) a# V: o' p" |# |+ c
There are conflicting reports and controversy
+ F5 z I4 {- b+ D+ _over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult, ^% b0 P% ]! X6 x* V9 M2 x) U! @4 ~
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal8 R+ m9 L$ e* P
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
7 n: C: s2 Z5 T* s; Sulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
& r1 [! @0 R% `9 W* QSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
9 H; ?* r! Z# Jchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult+ l) b2 y, k) b' L+ c2 t' M4 D
penile length in clinical studies.
& \. _$ T1 y: b2 KNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
+ y: ]" Z& f# P/ J- s- zgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
4 o5 Q3 M1 r6 o- g, O& T, @9 m6 N! rtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
1 P% x+ W" v( | fthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.2 o3 |' J% o' i, `3 o6 x
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
& H ]8 d4 T/ I, d7 \diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at+ y* v4 H; ?) _
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
* S3 |% ?# t; k" i* v) Aheight will not be affected.
! A2 q- M p9 h0 L" v! Y: ?/ @Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-4 z" G& h7 c* G* H- L
ability of androgen products in our society may
$ O9 |' R) ^+ B$ ]' y) Yindeed cause more virilization in male or female p; I" E% Q, p- J1 l
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
6 \ e8 w0 ^( X" {0 Q. Hgen products must be considered and specific ques-
- t$ v7 J/ i4 otioning about the use of a testosterone product or2 ]# }% j' q; P& i
gel should be asked of the family members during
6 f: |* x5 S; @# n% P& O1 D* xthe evaluation of any children who present with vir- z2 [3 O$ y3 i2 }# W/ O
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-% ^# x# L Z6 i$ T4 a
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by8 _3 B/ Z% @/ B: r# O
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
5 \; h5 E1 C( q+ E5 N$ ghistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may% _+ t. ^2 E" x! n" m0 B9 o) s
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive6 v/ _& |5 b8 w J
investigation. The primary care physician should be
3 P$ u1 Q8 D6 p+ E# W. e- y8 Qaware of this fact, because most of these children: m/ O7 A: |3 A; l. _4 C0 A
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’/ w8 j O! V" C+ u3 M8 ?
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a9 z; `5 j) |% p
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
6 \* E# h! G) J$ O; I6 Vfemale child who might come in contact with some-' n \' B( E4 F3 I* M
one using any of these products.
9 N4 |2 s& @7 A+ @References
) B: W7 z5 Z$ }/ V1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
6 u+ G: f: ` l1 B# zand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
5 x9 E8 w$ V3 I9 B2 F' w7 P: NEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
5 `3 N3 C) X- Q* {, ^2002: 565-628.+ y& Y% C ]9 x% k3 x
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
7 m4 s) W0 o/ `% D3 Ypuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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