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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old9 y  f/ \# X9 J0 y+ L
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
& I. t, z! t  k3 bExposure to Testosterone4 q4 A& ?( l- m! c9 o' H
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
, h! N$ N. j* P( E7 }8 k# [and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1$ `; Y, |3 a" w. g0 Z* E
Clinical Pediatrics
: F8 f/ Z, B4 l0 `Volume 46 Number 6
8 t/ z& h% L$ }. \: k$ I7 x4 y5 MJuly 2007 540-5436 x9 b6 O+ p+ s2 E
© 2007 Sage Publications6 u7 H) d8 _7 `0 b
10.1177/0009922806296651. ~( }& n! y% l) f
http://clp.sagepub.com
7 H: h5 N- C! @3 V4 e+ O- ]* Phosted at% Q2 ]: ~9 T0 l6 r4 g" Q3 o! ]4 `
http://online.sagepub.com( E/ V4 s- |5 V8 M4 D
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
9 q: E6 u* U0 X! q5 H& U$ ~is a significant concern for physicians. Central: H+ P* X  N. |* m2 e6 e
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
4 l; U$ \4 p6 ]2 l' x) Ethrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
& |; `9 j# Y/ ~3 @a higher incidence of organic central nervous system8 U% L% D" q  a& L3 ]* O
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested2 ~( H8 q# B. Y) o. \( A, \
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
6 @+ a4 e0 }5 y9 ?8 }7 X- M( W# [2 Ehair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-: V% T# y- D- m) M, b0 `/ v) j& T
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We/ d( m$ B$ N- n2 z$ I
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
7 u; `6 U3 }  ~7 ?' ienlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-  [: H6 ^1 o5 R+ q0 J
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
6 c8 }0 a+ g; zto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by; Z1 f4 |( u$ \* F9 U' J) h
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-' A! b' w+ i' W$ x
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this9 o; {# E# X( b0 a% V" a0 _* }
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of: u/ N/ U+ a* Q2 j
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
( q, _: V1 T' n7 P: @" ebly more common than the rare case report in the/ E$ l$ N+ G0 o2 R" ^0 J4 ~7 b. [1 b
literature.4
) V7 A& c2 T( F) J( {3 I* W, aPatient Report
; ?9 v: ^. Q" L9 R+ {A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
* M* S+ Z* Z  B, _1 z$ ]endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern* g" D8 y) \; G5 y7 {
of early sexual development. His mother noticed7 j, U1 {- @% {" C
light colored pubic hair development when he was/ I0 F" u% t1 N9 A6 h. C; G. p
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
: p- W7 Q3 [/ I9 pSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
3 j9 {6 x3 r2 X8 c; ?Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE," u  l; I$ \' c) Q2 c' n6 g
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of8 O( u" q) R$ }4 c: L$ G
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
1 X6 Z* W+ R' ?3 {e-mail: [email protected].
2 F1 v7 ~: W+ V% _. C# K( {about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
0 i6 B1 \* s7 ?, J: v- Kdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
: |3 l. U" B5 J; C, G) `; q& T# Pment of his penis and frequent erections. The child: s" R# {4 a# e. i- L/ z
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
5 n, J5 J$ B  `a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of' v6 }1 d  N/ n
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
$ N' j# J, V5 s, Aof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
9 S9 k8 \; Q( Q' J' rsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
) m- a; C. O/ O' U+ t& zand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
# [6 J' f$ Z! A# V: r9 awas age appropriate.$ U/ E9 f1 k4 o8 ?  y- S
The family history was remarkable for the father,
2 _  D4 l* K9 L. cwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
/ b5 E) r  i( `2 m, Bwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s+ a. t, }+ h( ~$ h2 f: a
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
: ]  V( W% F1 O, @  tearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.8 ^  R* l1 Y6 u: D( B
The father denied taking any other medication. The
+ m1 {$ S9 D% u8 S$ gchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
! O. Q5 [3 w. j3 N8 s0 dwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet9 }  o  E, o' ^3 ~" d' j
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
5 v3 Q) ?- a8 w6 pcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-, m* j+ y+ `- d: R; d1 j( T& m+ L
tives. There were no siblings.
% v: T) f3 W0 R5 f/ ]$ o1 g4 s2 y& K( KPhysical Examination
$ L# T0 O; F. x4 S1 Y# ?The physical examination revealed a very active,
. }1 ~' q' C) }( U8 g/ yplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
( p4 g( z! I/ W9 T) A$ J7 o0 da blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was& N' N1 H- K$ e! s3 v& J
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
: V8 Y" k% P* z7 Z/ N(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth% Y  N; `) T+ ]- P) V
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of8 o3 X) T: Q6 l! Y
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
) Y, j4 N- N/ RThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for& u8 n" `0 Q) b; h
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of' Y) E: d0 F) q
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
6 M. x% C/ K7 i' Q* f( ldeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
( T0 a( b' N; i. X& [540
) Q* P! }8 O# Z+ G; eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 |0 F4 E: }9 C6 xthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The, @; e0 W) V2 w
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.1 \: I; K: P) X. A9 c8 Y8 z% D
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
0 B: z) N8 o) A7 k1 c$ Hoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
$ q- b/ `& c  |6 h1 oabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.1 H1 c1 U$ Q' a2 m3 Q
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
3 f; g/ A- A) |* V/ T. hbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion. w3 ]0 U0 g" E2 c6 c; C
of papilledema.
' }1 \; m* T$ F/ C1 W/ P% `: CLaboratory Evaluation$ g* d- A+ @" X9 m6 f) ~3 b0 e
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
2 J: f3 S: i) L3 |/ busing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-$ f% t0 Y' V6 {8 `* A( Q+ X5 g
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
# x0 `: G1 A- O  tkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test9 h+ k3 {, J: T( q& z
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-  A  Q9 X( T# P: V8 q4 P; K
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
! V# s1 |+ y6 T; V) D0 m7 f& o4 hThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood0 t* E9 C; H% g) p$ F
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
1 L& G7 t; n2 y6 W. Q& xwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
0 J2 @7 T0 [! ?$ x% N! S" Wof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
8 q) k3 X4 j4 O% P% y(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 203 r8 Z4 N: M6 e3 L- p. E
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-% A1 @7 }. t- D, n
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),! A4 w$ y. `1 l- _) z; O% G
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
3 E# z' Q/ D5 L. c. w49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
) `" }4 j" N, s; }( t) Gwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-6 {  \" v; u" v8 G
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
% J: T9 }1 U; b  stestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
6 S( a) }1 @% E$ cand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than) S+ ~4 E$ P6 P/ u8 j; O0 h
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
" N1 i7 ~, X* P' u; ]  L( wstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
5 e5 s: f  ]: U6 \concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
2 @) f4 ~6 W; W& J; u8 A6 X' o(prepubertal).; I+ U6 R" z5 l3 X5 h. j8 T" n0 Q
The parents were notified about the laboratory
9 c4 c# j. E  V' i- `3 C% gresults and were informed that all of the tests were! F/ `% i( r6 S$ z1 J
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
9 \2 I  X, K* s$ P5 n2 dfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
4 I! V9 v7 w' f( Mobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-0 o' [9 N0 k; A: _- ^4 X0 @
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
" s9 U& x6 j+ u- ^6 R) m4 MPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
6 T' o; c3 C( j5 f& y1 J/ Uchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained1 e! y  C% y2 [
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
* k. O! G4 p3 z$ ^unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
7 c/ ]* Q: x  M& N: o( D$ _+ Rpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
6 N8 V( C3 Z% ^the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2/ u& x" g2 u7 y
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
) C2 t3 T, W% o" ^The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
3 ^, |0 x8 D2 b" D6 qing frequent erections.
$ `+ g, F( b' CBoth parents were again questioned about use of
3 X, {2 x5 |$ ~% g( c6 ^3 \any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
8 Y5 C% r8 d& Q+ {5 z9 lthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
+ Q0 r* i2 @1 A4 I$ B& D; \Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541; E# r0 x' t  o1 Y
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
& e5 |5 ?2 K% G) Ding over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
8 [& `6 n8 Q' V7 d0 r, u8 d  ha year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
) V$ \. s- U9 ^) E+ I. M6 t! zto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-) \# K$ |& T% @4 H( c- A
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
' N; L' `5 T( H# Z/ o! qsecondary to depression.0 g; u7 P, E/ Q! H# D- ~3 [. ]6 `
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
' ]" x5 }. U/ R  n" OThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his/ q9 d( h6 f4 @5 S5 }4 W6 t7 q
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-: X8 e( i% _8 R0 e+ N
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
' ]8 _3 g, l: P" N  ~2 a: F& DThe father also admitted that after the phone call,% o+ f* }- z0 M2 ?0 c' R8 \4 g6 g
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
# A3 ~- E1 e5 Q% _was high, he then read the product information
; I2 g  ?% W3 t" I/ T) d4 e% spacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
/ M- `, R( ~( N" Nson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they5 X" }4 f2 n. i( T5 T
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
  v1 J: s8 N+ ~/ k6 P# J/ J+ Ffather was not hugging him with bare skin and had# n$ u- u0 T7 }% [# m! e4 E: [
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone6 ^! k: q; R3 O' b
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
1 ^# }: K: R4 |* f8 dlaboratory to obtain the test.  `1 n/ M% U6 M! W, T" i
Discussion
. Q7 C5 Z& X( a1 \8 O! pPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
3 j' Z' F- k; R2 M8 o6 A- \8 n1 jsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
& e" `: Z8 R6 W/ B/ {5 s# XPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
8 i" k4 H; H" S* Qit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-. g" t, P( c% M3 d- y+ ~' |
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
! W& `/ h& x4 @/ tmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP1 I: @' }2 D, k9 K/ i
may have a central nervous system lesion that is$ k" \/ G- E" b8 B, Y, z
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
% ]9 c2 n8 T2 t5 m2 V1 iamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
& ]6 ^2 Q5 K. W! r/ csis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
0 x7 a% ^* k" |- bboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-( x! d# [0 Q8 z9 ^
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-7 |' @2 ~: s0 m  J) R' r, I3 s, S  W# D
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
/ S8 v+ G; u1 g3 m  ~6 ngonadotropins.1,3! z6 J1 g/ X9 L- P0 ~
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
4 v2 k! ~: t! T! N$ {" w, dcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
, Z  v2 I# I: s8 M0 t& Eandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
; S+ c9 ]8 d, C" }$ B' B/ cexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-6 N/ S- ~1 v4 n& N! v
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing" T8 d# c; R0 S8 w* K9 d7 Z1 G
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive- `3 Y6 Q0 Q$ s9 D# R
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
2 X; f# K8 ?6 K$ Y; Zpuberty in boys.3,4
$ }6 ^$ C" `$ ?% G. rThe most common form of congenital adrenal
( {$ R( T: p5 n' x( C; [( a9 Ahyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
$ B4 p. l' g8 u& [The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
) U+ S! w8 V4 H$ I1 P$ U& lexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely," J4 I9 Q4 e; F
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
' v; f5 ^5 \. V2 Bexcess.1,3
* t- }1 _* n' b( F# Hat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from) X) e5 l8 `! D" Z' B1 t3 a
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007. Y; T0 x, V" ~! D$ X9 N
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
3 l1 s6 y  {1 M$ s; u* windependent precocious puberty, which is also known. |4 |/ i# G9 o8 L4 x1 S  j$ V* M2 h
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a2 Z! n' ~# f% @9 W6 G
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
/ g- J7 C* o1 q/ F  |# D; u' Bwith this disorder are full pubertal development,: C- {- q9 s$ I0 Z! F( O/ O
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys4 _) A! e) M+ n7 D8 t
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder' y2 @7 R! b# }0 z6 y& }
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show! K% F. f+ S% }6 n$ d
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-! [" U" V3 B+ ^' t3 e* t  ]9 I
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked7 j  ]( |' L) H8 w
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
9 M" d0 ]7 n7 L/ @3 L! p/ K7 Wmales; therefore, other male members of the family
8 h, u  t, s2 M9 `* nmay have similar precocious puberty.3
  U+ Z* |% D( c/ c  bIn our patient, physical examination was incon-3 U8 h. J' N/ Q- ^! @4 k; T1 E1 w
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
  B* K- e- W. z2 w5 e! ^cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis8 g) p- g- d; _5 q* B( O
was in the differential diagnosis because his father: A4 R; I& c# \
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
, R* o( G8 H+ ?; R6 }4 F0 ntesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
! G4 z* g& K( q% `, A) R% {! fbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
; q# G$ M( x0 n+ N! _4 G  wative initial history of androgen exposure, our4 o* ]1 a2 j; f# H0 D: t' e4 ]
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,2 a5 V: L' V0 O& z0 K
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
" l  e8 s: `6 A* }! Ideficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-% |3 f3 ~8 n* `4 A# ?5 q
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
: h& |# p+ t! o+ T3 qThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly* X9 D3 Q+ n/ U. [+ Z
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
7 Q" F. r  j9 Y" {; N/ a% Qthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
! v6 I/ D3 |7 `) g, qpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
8 R3 j, V  G/ w6 v" n# @3 kdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
/ s% J2 Z2 S0 \, Xterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
* h9 ]/ F: k& t" e, Rusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
3 S0 s, [, T5 d7 xDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
8 x/ N( C+ g* Y3 c% e3 e3 N( pcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to/ X1 {6 q/ l9 j$ T7 _: N3 U
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
* L  x2 \6 j% USerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
- d; a: N7 u2 kbaseline value in those females who were exposed to1 A' E( t. r& v, f- {+ R
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male% C/ u7 I2 T; g6 _$ _1 Z7 A- M
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-2 e$ {4 n1 O7 l8 R; _: e
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
/ C; ~8 e7 |+ E, n( l+ `Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
8 r# a/ L% O2 T6 iwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that" x/ i8 C( ]/ C2 x5 V1 E' f2 `$ l2 k
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
2 v$ |+ q. |$ E  `terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
, ?( L; m3 c* i6 n0 l4 [5 {. Jactive in young children exposed to testosterone, _8 \4 m; e, D& S  t, _4 s9 Q
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-/ g! O& {8 \, n
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to$ g& [8 S) e$ J
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
8 @; u4 U5 L+ M+ V6 a/ M/ r! wchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and1 f# A+ Z4 r- H- \
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
( q" u& \) c' R6 `3 T2 H6 Z' {The long-term effect of androgen exposure during+ v" a" G! T+ V, [' }% ?
early childhood on pubertal development and final% r6 f( N3 s7 Q4 E. L8 k
adult height are not fully known and always remain
' N( @; K5 W( Ua concern. Children treated with short-term testos-9 S5 X' a! p5 c) q9 a
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
4 [- Q# e1 Q. l; \) sacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after5 O3 I. O/ h) G/ z! R; t. g
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation0 o3 z$ _6 v7 V) F4 _2 I, O
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
* @5 o3 ^. _6 p9 M# w% FThere are conflicting reports and controversy# G: P. \2 H1 l5 K
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
% [" p% ~! g- y% L# n1 xpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
4 @9 s) P, {) G9 qadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-( t! g0 q+ H0 j
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
6 o- y( ?1 m* l# J( oSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
2 p  D" K8 `# y$ S0 e# c+ ]childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
  g6 F' q5 y* K# e0 F- ppenile length in clinical studies.7 f# n* H# R4 d
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is3 G7 ?% E$ L. y
going to experience any of the untoward effects from( K! ?. F( T8 J4 r) i
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
: v. q# |( ~" g- o9 kthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.$ E8 V* O3 e6 V& P- Y. b9 v
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
3 d$ c0 m! K. tdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
5 a/ Y2 s9 \' Sthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
: g6 J$ t2 {0 B) d* o' H" n" ]height will not be affected.
# l) Z# L1 S2 C5 DAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
! Y4 Y; |. `3 V  j/ Zability of androgen products in our society may) F0 g* _0 g( J* {. c
indeed cause more virilization in male or female- e" m0 c0 H, [9 n  H/ \: h3 N) d
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
! v' N. C. ]3 j- q4 L$ E7 O5 Agen products must be considered and specific ques-/ s3 Q+ j* E0 @" w3 J
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
, u0 O. K2 S) ^* Y* b* D1 }# X2 dgel should be asked of the family members during- K5 ]# P* S% _8 {% x
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-6 R/ [" x. y7 b- c6 g+ `5 d
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
( g+ Z2 D- s( s3 F8 p% _# Y& o( ]. Ynosis can be established by just a few tests and by
- `  w) s: U( n4 a$ ~, ?  Wappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a) i. N4 {) Q( h" x& C  S
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may0 O) X) A( |3 t# m1 L+ v
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
! r- G) l* N- a+ t& i7 V/ p1 ?5 sinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
( E2 X. p2 N6 [) T" p0 P! W7 o" F2 Paware of this fact, because most of these children3 O' N- L1 ?0 M: a6 q
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’& a/ D4 W/ b  J% {' O1 v
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a9 |+ H- ?0 C8 C" k& D
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or- W7 Y9 ?4 D8 I
female child who might come in contact with some-* b- L! f0 f- T2 f2 Q5 S+ z
one using any of these products.
( A0 T4 b4 ^! m2 zReferences2 }( e* x/ H4 J) }. E) K, x
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation1 h) f0 F$ Y8 T% D0 w4 m' I
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
$ d; ~) u1 d" e5 N  oEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;' S( }; J5 f- @& X8 X( O1 D/ u
2002: 565-628.
2 M# e7 K" f& r7 S8 j7 y1 O2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious8 v, T7 J$ }  T  i
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
; S/ d) X6 C' H$ {( C  n, _Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
' E) w$ Z$ w& ?1 W+ a; c. ]# jExposure to Testosterone
; X' s, O( X& c7 F* [0 K: ?2 jSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
7 W( N' E* o& G! `& z3 F2 eand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1* @8 u9 r, _4 j6 a/ K. U8 ^
Clinical Pediatrics
$ s, j2 C! ?3 ~+ P& _Volume 46 Number 61 m, G) a. s( F( c
July 2007 540-543( R! V) G/ `9 \, I& a# k
© 2007 Sage Publications
* Q3 q% `3 ^1 _# C0 Y10.1177/0009922806296651( t; @( K( S+ z
http://clp.sagepub.com
5 ~* g# S/ Y% K7 F* Bhosted at5 \! J& P9 |) r: a) v3 T
http://online.sagepub.com
0 I+ G  P0 I# }& i# R/ zPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
/ Q% t# V2 Q/ w) S8 |! h' l8 Ris a significant concern for physicians. Central
0 {# g6 h2 @4 o4 s' k% aprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
0 t4 l% @; d6 x2 c$ D) uthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
5 z. p$ o, X' J) pa higher incidence of organic central nervous system% @' _  s5 o6 e# O, Q$ q
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested( N( e* L( ?/ [, v
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic# J4 ^' l" g  h
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
  @# M9 ~4 y0 U5 p5 hcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We) l% a7 r+ Q. J- X/ N
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the) [4 y+ {( B5 p+ t5 S
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-$ U! o. E3 t( S$ P2 [/ R5 z4 \
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
+ [* Y, n9 w" Z0 Cto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
1 V; g# k0 V# t: |, ]  d+ r1 E4 Vthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
+ I* A' m) ?% l& ~, }; imation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
; g) C0 U: G6 y3 ~+ V7 Z' W' Kchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of- i( [% E9 {8 V+ \2 y" G$ }. h, V
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
4 E" A2 @$ j8 m$ Dbly more common than the rare case report in the
0 f' Z+ _/ T+ Q8 q; |* gliterature.4
  ^* L( o8 G; @, W8 |: t0 PPatient Report* q' |0 S. k; |: d& ^
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the( f: ^* g2 S) u! Z% [* L" ?* X
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
2 F7 T8 y3 d, Y- Uof early sexual development. His mother noticed
$ }% D4 ?; E: M! V# D( zlight colored pubic hair development when he was
$ X1 l. i  D' GFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of; p# {$ q0 u  m9 B: P+ e
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.1 [% W- {6 G% }3 t2 r! H0 g8 J. b
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,  [* K2 H' i8 S) O
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of0 b) K# f9 C4 u5 K6 }, ~
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
* P" b% c; B$ `/ x: r5 Q+ ?  S, ue-mail: [email protected].) t- i9 A- F3 n6 z
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
, X3 o- s2 r" n$ [darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-) E4 l5 c* D/ G) k6 F2 O
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child* ^5 l8 ]: I5 O$ l/ M" ?
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with5 P  U" p0 m8 p; @3 ]" d2 F5 _
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of$ @" [! n# }$ R  n1 {
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year8 h1 G7 H- s' K
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
# j- F# D" Y% n  y' nsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,, @3 t. G% x+ ~% K
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 k1 Z( h$ X: n4 T$ I0 @
was age appropriate.
$ U, Q" g3 F& x: dThe family history was remarkable for the father,% S3 y4 E. C% k. w! Q& k
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,4 f% U1 U( ^' W2 K: C+ U
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
6 h% ~1 Z/ Q; k* _1 C7 E2 |height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat9 O! G% p. h2 G' X$ i" d* e
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
4 X$ M' R0 x1 ?The father denied taking any other medication. The2 y+ _: @6 S  p$ }8 {9 P  L5 g9 z7 I
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
4 s8 r9 `7 W8 M# p- jwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
: c9 q. a) _' Y5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
  y# c7 u+ B3 {, o8 N* u" f' fcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-: y7 |$ p! C/ D4 J) j7 E) _
tives. There were no siblings.
% \4 S5 ]3 g. H! |# H( a* iPhysical Examination
, T# C% x' X9 s+ i/ E2 c) VThe physical examination revealed a very active,
" B" M  R' c  M9 E0 H" eplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented: c+ m" ?# p; L; [
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was/ R- z' ~" r2 Y8 r
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg; b# W- O% \3 m6 |4 d  A" ?
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth8 i9 f2 |( a% s' N. h
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of% `  F8 b$ K! T, h/ ~" ^& ~4 R
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.6 [1 l8 {! M2 z2 i$ y) k
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for, }' Q) ^' `9 y
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of+ K2 n) M4 I: P4 m
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
/ d2 H2 Q) x" e8 p" h3 k: ]developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
9 F( f0 c' L0 V- s9 ~540
8 b9 k5 n5 y2 H0 s. L7 r3 G! Hat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from; a: h" D0 b' b, |( D
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The- R/ l# _4 t$ K$ `) R  F, x
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.* K8 L* m$ s1 H# h
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat/ l4 v$ [( i1 N8 w' M  I
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no1 E$ c) f* {- O- o) |- g
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
6 [% C6 y5 e$ KNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+; x  y- z1 n* a) V
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion0 B- e+ a) ~( @+ h2 v8 r) {
of papilledema.
+ s9 |  m) @, V2 xLaboratory Evaluation% }4 Q3 B7 x0 E, ?2 W+ U; o4 o  O
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by+ E: H" g9 c1 B7 P4 G
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-3 h4 |' M( U5 A, M; n8 }) N
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal$ G7 f3 |4 ?6 X- O
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test; o* |- ?, H, k* J$ W
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-5 e, ]4 a3 y2 ^4 |/ Z+ X, o" f  y
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).+ ]  ~; S: r! q: x# C  D
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
4 W5 u, }* D9 ~7 j  I' Q- Eurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
5 X& r$ U$ w9 _' {+ Uwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
3 `' g" @3 _1 K3 c& N/ pof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL$ W; l" v. h- V( s! ^9 I
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
! ?/ s9 H1 ^# O0 v8 N1 i8 Vng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-  |  k3 T1 p6 k9 k$ ?4 w
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),5 E8 T/ I- Q3 p; H& S
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
$ F1 X0 B0 b! q/ c) G3 V. o0 l49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)2 W" I* h3 o2 [: J! R
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
" U. l0 k2 ~) V" C9 Q3 btisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total- S  @3 k7 X( A* e% R. p
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),, H8 y0 }1 ^" x. p; K! {
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
! r/ ?4 Q. G. t' u# o* c5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular. @2 Y5 ^! L* z6 b& [6 D1 O
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone7 ?1 s* i" F  J2 _- ~" D3 u
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
+ y6 _$ I0 o( M. o4 y7 ~  l(prepubertal).
" ]% o( H& {2 M1 _& QThe parents were notified about the laboratory( L) O! L& n& A0 R) o4 m9 A
results and were informed that all of the tests were
6 a/ ]" r, f6 O. f( Z% tnormal except the testosterone level was high. The% `- ], b* u0 s+ J
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to9 V% E0 R$ R0 H
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-7 i, w8 F2 T5 o1 m4 l6 g" C
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
+ n7 h% B/ @& [4 tPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
+ `* {5 \+ Q- k! v3 q0 Q5 S  g( K6 Tchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
* {2 ^. P. I+ L2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained. g5 x9 Z  e7 y, N
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
: a) V1 J) k! I* `6 `pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at0 n2 d* I% L9 T: D' t2 m+ j5 m
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
3 E0 a8 C' G4 p' q, l# hmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.3 }- _1 X: h3 N
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
0 }" t1 r7 U- Z7 J3 c0 s3 @* Ling frequent erections.
0 r! ]6 q% z7 G# c" E/ D( gBoth parents were again questioned about use of% {6 A, G: [) c5 ?
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
! u0 D4 g: [# {5 J" \the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the# O8 ~  n* z7 D$ |* i' V0 f
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541; E) J: @4 o* h6 y
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-* j1 V' J- O# ]4 r1 L
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
. C' F* `) ]0 ya year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed. M0 H4 a% |$ [: Z/ Y
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
  U- I2 l5 b% i) a/ F5 uscribed by his family physician for decreased libido& q1 J. R4 R& C4 b, R
secondary to depression.
1 P4 m  q: B9 n7 `, gThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
1 N' U' w* H" m% ~The father would hug the baby and hold him on his3 w2 B  d5 c$ N5 {; C9 H" `
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-( ^" ^/ l! F0 P# |4 Z) F+ o! b
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.: E2 f' F! t2 j$ J* o0 f, O
The father also admitted that after the phone call,- B% {3 |9 S, b7 f- D8 A
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
+ ]  H/ ]* L' B9 `. z$ A) c8 Zwas high, he then read the product information
8 q) @' q0 `' o$ Tpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
1 }6 s9 M$ }* G9 c& X) [- Q/ uson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
- W  u- ?6 s# J1 \5 idecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the) p; [) }6 ^% B
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had% H1 e  r( t( U  M  X5 s0 q5 h) w
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
( g! R" E+ S. n1 j/ V& X8 _( [test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
- T2 E3 b$ `  a/ r- @% slaboratory to obtain the test.: p) c9 F/ r3 E+ Y! T
Discussion
0 ^' f+ P9 I1 U4 F7 q0 y4 C" OPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary* f% g8 ~" F, V% x
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
: j: N/ V" R$ APrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when- b3 w: ~9 E: G: r4 D$ ?
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
3 l' S$ U# R! M4 c6 Z$ Vthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
+ k  u. S: Y" lmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP4 e& o. {8 x/ o5 r& G/ o; \
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
( T  x+ s7 H# O, Kresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-6 d& M. j' g: ~4 z, R' H- V' O
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-! D2 M' ^; F1 Y- r
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in9 q' o1 `3 x) C* t  J2 G
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-/ L6 a2 z- y( p$ O7 V, S/ W
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
' ]- t# D  |; u7 T5 Rrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by. w- s+ R$ ^* B
gonadotropins.1,3  s1 ~) K" X- \2 H
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
! F3 [- {3 s; Ucious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
( e* ~% n5 o& z6 F% Xandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or6 D+ V: ?  l* p2 f* B
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
5 c" y1 r* N/ O  G; S5 W. |ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing+ ~3 q! s3 k1 x! y$ V/ V
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
6 ^$ {& w) b$ Nadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious' c2 d/ y7 X$ Y* R
puberty in boys.3,4
" B* X8 W/ Y2 Y1 D7 d- |The most common form of congenital adrenal
0 D: ^2 P" G# |/ _9 k6 Whyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
* c" ^  N0 z6 n( L8 o0 QThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
$ ]" N2 q# B- h; texcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
7 ]- [" r+ t/ ^& t  h7 n8 ~. T6 van adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen) y% v1 K9 b$ D: f% i
excess.1,36 X" u: M# j+ F- |
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
- ]4 Z: \; H- P7 \4 i, t542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
& Q# [1 c/ J1 @- c9 ~% d9 E0 Z# FA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-/ y2 V. x( W2 F: w2 j" u
independent precocious puberty, which is also known' Q/ P. }% Q( U! P! x& p
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a; x# f# X/ s$ _  U3 C7 F4 J
very young age. The physical findings in these boys6 w+ G+ |3 p9 ?$ b
with this disorder are full pubertal development,8 ]) z; N! I. B) M2 O* P
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
- d, _3 K% f+ X+ m" Q4 j* wwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder3 W5 J( t( E) A0 I. z
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show" h5 Y" @+ t/ j/ K8 [( U
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-9 g1 ^7 ]+ |( c* _
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked1 }/ y. K. Q$ s/ }* x
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
0 n& j+ f2 T5 W) q  @" ~$ Cmales; therefore, other male members of the family
0 u% \& ^1 ]! G0 o" ?may have similar precocious puberty.3
/ @9 ~2 k, ]2 A7 _8 A) RIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
7 L7 B8 x. D' y( q. bsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
. z' I5 t, p6 b  n3 K+ Hcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
4 ]* E* p/ z' \1 Twas in the differential diagnosis because his father
. C. [$ R. g* M# c, p1 vstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,' _0 n4 z- X4 |
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
4 \# l" N* `( Q- y$ N- Ibeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
! f5 q; d* }; h  |4 f: X$ Pative initial history of androgen exposure, our+ `8 N$ u  B9 ~
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
# u0 Y2 i# P( |/ \1 Yeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase3 |+ o9 L/ _8 V5 y/ G) T0 i' j# B
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-9 p# ], x& t7 q! r7 i$ }8 ]; |
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids., D+ S& w: Y, s9 ]
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly2 j8 K& }, n+ g6 d8 @
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
, Q' K+ t" w7 V, U' L4 ^the physical examination revealed the complete disap-4 L  P2 E: t. N& q8 d' Z* ]
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and5 O! v  [0 [" j  ]# ]  Q
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
# o2 \# `: o: d# w9 Yterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was% W5 |5 R! W5 m+ D* l
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
2 c! M  X* _' j% M  fDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
# }6 l$ g* i6 }- J* }8 Q' a) bcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to) j3 I9 B' L) x7 Y
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.- ]( `: V* Z' X
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the' c) }# c* M2 `$ j9 @/ K0 u
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
5 O  n% [6 H/ E4 V" ?even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male9 d! E  ]( W9 B. Q3 P
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
; o& p/ q. o4 O; btion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
; g! z8 }$ i/ OOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,7 B  C4 J+ m% S! N. l7 F6 R% X- m' _
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
9 g( Z# K5 j  h+ [  m0 ]* e- F) ydermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-" V5 U) ^  |6 X. g+ F9 D
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more$ ^2 `4 Z0 G$ k6 L% D
active in young children exposed to testosterone  [+ u1 i/ L8 V% {# g
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
$ x% x, U) @7 Tdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to( [% N0 @% y9 b; r9 {; {: O
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
1 c- S* j8 [( G" }+ ochildren results in an increase in growth velocity and- ~- ]* A, b  [# a5 z- a
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.! r3 E6 S' Q, L9 d. p' Y1 Y6 ]' _
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
. N! J7 h' s1 V, l1 @early childhood on pubertal development and final8 M+ j+ ?; S; q/ W6 L& N  @8 R2 z
adult height are not fully known and always remain
0 |- ]9 j% Q0 P' V9 g2 B! h) [5 Da concern. Children treated with short-term testos-, b; K( h$ @$ [0 S* F6 d6 [
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some) k) t/ {- V' E# i( y% o3 R
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
% R* {. O- }" _3 l- fcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
8 v# J3 o7 w4 B' x  Udecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9+ L1 M) a# V: o' p" |# |+ c
There are conflicting reports and controversy
+ F5 z  I4 {- b+ D+ _over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult, ^% b0 P% ]! X6 x* V9 M2 x) U! @4 ~
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal8 R+ m9 L$ e* P
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
7 n: C: s2 Z5 T* s; Sulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
& r1 [! @0 R% `9 W* QSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
9 H; ?* r! Z# Jchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult+ l) b2 y, k) b' L+ c2 t' M4 D
penile length in clinical studies.
& \. _$ T1 y: b2 KNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
+ y: ]" Z& f# P/ J- s- zgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
4 o5 Q3 M1 r6 o- g, O& T, @9 m6 N! rtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
1 P% x+ W" v( |  fthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.2 o3 |' J% o' i, `3 o6 x
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
& H  ]8 d4 T/ I, d7 \diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at+ y* v4 H; ?) _
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
* S3 |% ?# t; k" i* v) Aheight will not be affected.
! A2 q- M  p9 h0 L" v! Y: ?/ @Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-4 z" G& h7 c* G* H- L
ability of androgen products in our society may
$ O9 |' R) ^+ B$ ]' y) Yindeed cause more virilization in male or female  p; I" E% Q, p- J1 l
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
6 \  e8 w0 ^( X" {0 Q. Hgen products must be considered and specific ques-
- t$ v7 J/ i4 otioning about the use of a testosterone product or2 ]# }% j' q; P& i
gel should be asked of the family members during
6 f: |* x5 S; @# n% P& O1 D* xthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-  z2 [3 O$ y3 i2 }# W/ O
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-% ^# x# L  Z6 i$ T4 a
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by8 _3 B/ Z% @/ B: r# O
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
5 \; h5 E1 C( q+ E5 N$ ghistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may% _+ t. ^2 E" x! n" m0 B9 o) s
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive6 v/ _& |5 b8 w  J
investigation. The primary care physician should be
3 P$ u1 Q8 D6 p+ E# W. e- y8 Qaware of this fact, because most of these children: m/ O7 A: |3 A; l. _4 C0 A
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’/ w8 j  O! V" C+ u3 M8 ?
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a9 z; `5 j) |% p
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
6 \* E# h! G) J$ O; I6 Vfemale child who might come in contact with some-' n  \' B( E4 F3 I* M
one using any of these products.
9 N4 |2 s& @7 A+ @References
) B: W7 z5 Z$ }/ V1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
6 u+ G: f: `  l1 B# zand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
5 x9 E8 w$ V3 I9 B2 F' w7 P: NEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
5 `3 N3 C) X- Q* {, ^2002: 565-628.+ y& Y% C  ]9 x% k3 x
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
7 m4 s) W0 o/ `% D3 Ypuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
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發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点

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發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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4个什么样的?
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發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

. z* L/ G7 Q+ b精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!

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發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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