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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old: r, L1 R# r, }
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical8 M7 ~0 x) H9 Q7 Z4 J
Exposure to Testosterone% L! I3 `# b& ?. [6 ~
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
1 `( Y, d; j- L& l% A% v9 c' X/ _4 _and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
" w' P' k2 R, Y. v  A, fClinical Pediatrics
0 i1 e4 ~7 w" m) e1 a" ^Volume 46 Number 6
1 B- [2 x2 ]) C9 s3 p- P; UJuly 2007 540-543
, s0 R* |5 Y/ G. l5 t& X; u© 2007 Sage Publications& ^  ~- W3 R' j
10.1177/0009922806296651* i2 P3 l4 ~$ |! _9 y, f
http://clp.sagepub.com
, ^& u6 N/ f  m0 J7 Z- ehosted at( R& @" e1 Q+ o4 {
http://online.sagepub.com
3 q# _5 X/ }) m: g: SPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,, k& ]4 h( [. L0 K+ B
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
: M$ w( |. u. C. h6 r" x& x% Dprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
* c0 e! r5 K$ qthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
" Q2 m9 i5 M2 w5 w# ~% b" Ma higher incidence of organic central nervous system
2 R+ Z' A" K8 {4 ?/ ~8 Mlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested1 y0 ~8 O" ?6 s  _) D" d" Z: h
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
8 s$ o5 L0 H% a# ~7 Z8 rhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
6 e: L1 @1 Y5 p4 z& R3 scles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
& P- S" {( |8 d: _' O+ H, g" n% breport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the$ D  x" B3 s; S0 |( Z
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-0 q6 o& y$ {* I
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
+ I) r  T7 m) y% Z! c, D% ~to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
$ G* S2 Q1 e1 n% Y3 A9 |9 h. _! Ethe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
7 L8 ]" C  V  ~# h# y6 Nmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
0 O) l! S& i4 P- s1 l1 \child. Given the widespread and easy availability of# ]- b' Q9 s- A/ @" c- E' k
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-% Y; I) v$ O! \- X
bly more common than the rare case report in the+ x# x/ u3 u: u7 U# r
literature.4
& T- Z* h8 T  d+ K6 cPatient Report5 o- C; U/ r! M  ~! _+ q0 t
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
& i4 K5 e# X8 G. u( A# jendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern" k/ N7 v* e8 |; G
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
- s/ O% J; m" K! I0 i8 ^* M+ elight colored pubic hair development when he was
6 ?/ H1 O# X: _% k, L* ?4 `From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of: K8 n* l( O, {& @% a7 [
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
! n+ A. k% P* }6 B" B& ]* M# OAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
9 O" [; }/ M- y  i. p+ XProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of$ P9 F" s) s2 F: x% b( `+ }
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
: F7 c1 S5 `+ Le-mail: [email protected].
" o. _7 E* Z0 W* b6 `# h0 F( e: D% vabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
. q+ j9 x! O) {darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-' W" |8 ]8 x7 g7 ?. g. `  K8 H
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
5 H, l. E3 ]' n& }) Q) F$ M' rwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with, |) o. x1 j% K
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of5 a) V# r0 K( W2 J
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year4 ]! ~6 s3 y: G/ b* r% g
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with& Z/ c( S8 o6 v; e' E4 E: B: f1 ~3 B
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,$ U5 k7 q: p* G( b4 w2 ~6 N/ I! \
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development7 h# F0 a8 I5 P) R/ k+ y
was age appropriate.
8 m' q/ w& a$ R# V' o8 f: ?The family history was remarkable for the father,
- d+ E/ G. }* K) ~# F+ D( Z* ]who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16," |: K9 N: S9 X, B2 W  V
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s6 U$ ?3 U- h  Q2 P1 C
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat! u# K! u; ]+ k7 C1 [/ u
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.5 n6 I, N2 U# s8 e# h0 H& \
The father denied taking any other medication. The* d/ k4 ^9 |  J4 V) F; p; f3 G
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
6 R: P* _' B# i6 ~was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet5 _3 N. }- E. s! v) N
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-8 _' H$ e; _) W; C1 ~
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-4 ?" I# b1 s+ b  f& a9 _# [
tives. There were no siblings.8 v9 D# X9 E( h2 c
Physical Examination- O. h" z$ \8 O* |  n9 A
The physical examination revealed a very active,/ |8 z& c' Z6 ?' s) k0 x4 M# k( ^
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented+ L* `. h8 Z' f: L2 [3 e
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was$ \: v/ A. D# c3 h3 s" l
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
3 W8 P2 |# v+ e/ f: c(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth/ O: e$ H. x3 M0 c* O
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
  O0 A0 C8 {3 d7 c8 H! i) Pthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.$ _; A  g0 o4 c4 \% v4 h# F' f
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for$ H- ^4 h# N0 b# j9 H. \9 y
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
7 G' i' M% z/ t6 _( ?+ m$ S; ]8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well$ ~3 d# N3 I, J& a3 Y% x/ g4 u
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around3 a# ?) @9 Q- |! G$ {6 W  f2 H( Y5 |
540
# y! k* H9 C  m6 y+ t; G4 Q3 B# Cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from% V: F% ]: @1 ?' v" U$ J. t
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The5 K" ~) z0 s6 B* U. q. T: e8 ~
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.. k; e$ M9 _* k, P# A
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat. n3 ^3 X. W5 y. x
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no( w1 n2 |: p+ ]. z
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
% I. H- e# b5 hNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
5 B( e( l! w" E; w) @bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
: }1 }3 p5 o+ Z( [of papilledema.
2 z/ [- i+ F, q( w( \' P0 f" WLaboratory Evaluation
& K$ }+ Q! w9 h! q$ ?7 J( AThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
5 N+ x9 H! B: l' _* F! s  Yusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
, V) A2 j; U% e4 K# E( Blogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
, [$ B2 x" S; c0 k3 V/ bkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
- V% |" q; c3 l; H. Kshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
" T( Q. z& k2 b( @. E' }6 Flating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
. W. E+ Z. [& _The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood& K  s) i( U# r2 z/ J
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
( B( W  t* W. {4 ~: wwithin normal range for his age. The concentration" F% [2 m1 m0 Z( S# R" E& M. [
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
2 t( |! i6 C1 K( F: ~; {3 K4 c(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
! O; N* F8 w0 A8 Ing/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
0 j: K- k+ i% I* i7 uterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
. x( a) |, ?- B* c6 u5 l3 C7 l; Zdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
4 [( f! J5 k) L$ A5 |+ E49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S); o  s& W4 w; o$ _
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-9 S/ W# |  F) {& J
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
/ W% H/ D- \' g5 |) I! Xtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),7 N, h2 o  b1 ?4 [
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
5 w2 i& ]: a+ q6 }* X2 u# J! o5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
& \! R1 X; ^9 y7 x8 i+ ustimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
2 l* A( N! E- W+ D- {' R5 {$ jconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
! y: n; B6 Y" J3 {( G" q& _1 j(prepubertal).
3 U: p' t! @4 R# UThe parents were notified about the laboratory; b* y) C1 W7 p- P1 E2 P- S& g  c
results and were informed that all of the tests were" s' [# `& G- S( V/ [& Z
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
+ f4 [- p& R) c9 A/ Y) gfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
% m  Z% }+ F3 ]obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
3 b7 _) d& Y# N; `$ l5 s# o, O, v4 @ever, the family did not return for 4 months.1 |& ?  Y1 Z2 ~' Z/ _# u& z0 ^
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
& @- {# H2 C; F( o  A1 @; \4 H2 k$ fchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
6 ]1 m+ D  M1 k7 N2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
4 e: @- }- m1 X" ]4 m/ Lunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-) {& q$ p8 |, F( N4 |
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
" R" _6 c1 m- V* _- o% Fthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
& X7 H/ `$ D1 w/ W" B$ @7 V: ?mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.9 D4 }/ _9 x9 [6 e
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
. `1 Z7 p: n# X+ v, ~7 M8 x1 B: Jing frequent erections.
1 M* {! U9 p. q: d( qBoth parents were again questioned about use of: z3 X$ P) ?# M
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to& \5 w: i1 K, c; S8 e8 L( S0 T
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
9 K5 X7 g6 H+ X* [Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
3 |; N! Z, _& s, t0 T3 j6 N5 Muse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-' S. V" q6 [1 z
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for9 s$ X, U* }3 K$ x0 Z. w% S+ x9 N
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed4 e( f  i% {& a5 R( f4 E, C
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
- y! N6 S9 [# {9 L- w: Dscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
: g4 u  r& O# A: rsecondary to depression.0 ?4 r( {- \8 w) {: W" B
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
5 V  w4 n0 f, X0 @, \* V7 BThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his( L: R# H. y' b( u+ e/ w4 |2 `- q
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
* {% z; u. o2 m  i6 o: s3 gnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.9 \- E. |  E1 u; r" W0 m/ R7 k
The father also admitted that after the phone call," W$ }0 Q; H- v% g& J2 C/ i0 q: q
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby+ U9 }2 ?& _- p
was high, he then read the product information2 R! R2 Z" ^) i/ y
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-& u4 _" i, d3 r  V9 R5 J7 D; B2 I$ u0 N2 R2 q
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
  W  k" W& b9 a' c* adecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the6 ^, q7 B7 f, \/ j3 j
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
" V9 s" }/ n' j- G* k7 n1 Kbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
/ D, J/ y# r  @8 [: ]test was ordered, but the family did not go to the4 f# E8 W( U  \, T( b1 u5 c4 X
laboratory to obtain the test.: D( J# _" ?3 W
Discussion; B! i: I8 W" {/ O. X$ r" _
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary: \2 H1 X& H/ S) v
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
5 `6 m# t( l; [Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when: C2 i. y+ i# C5 e% T; P
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
9 s, Q$ J: I# |5 w7 Y! zthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
/ C, r, l2 K/ n% ^* W) l' |& ]mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP9 y6 a) u% i  U) N
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
" p8 k3 Y. ?# w. C0 qresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-: B0 L9 P; z5 O
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-4 R" y$ d& h) I3 n
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
6 ^, T+ b# E1 z3 t1 c4 {% Pboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-/ Y3 f5 V' T3 d3 `1 b$ P5 I
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-! \1 d) m+ ]9 E. q: }/ k
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by; f8 Z4 x; i! V" W
gonadotropins.1,30 u' P) |5 `' u' @8 R! s
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-5 L! G) z/ L! b: p% M; G8 l
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate9 r% X% V0 s+ E1 ~& X: |
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
( O0 b5 g& T2 V% S$ F* Pexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
; k  s% q& g; ~, Lulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing7 k; J- I# b# y& S7 G
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive5 @4 T, _7 l& W0 R. B
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious/ i; B& H$ i% ?- O' t$ k; h
puberty in boys.3,4/ `' Z$ j9 P: f+ y: }- w; N
The most common form of congenital adrenal. k3 x6 E% l+ L. Y4 u
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.. K9 Q0 O6 A/ Y( n: D
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in; l0 ]' ^7 C- @. V
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,; A' @9 B( \5 r3 N
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
1 f, K/ v. B& _  fexcess.1,3, z$ G+ L+ h6 \' J  y
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 Q2 W  m4 N. v542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007+ {' H# x4 U7 D, _
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
# i+ ~7 ?) `( h% E8 o  |2 jindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
; s7 k# {) M* d# O1 Nas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
& h# F$ f4 A7 @) Dvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
3 h# A& k, r( l' H- D, lwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
3 c5 k2 l1 [% o( b% H0 {including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
5 q) c# k# Z' K* n& X" n) E$ awith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
) s" Q# g5 Z- P  R; v6 Xare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show, V" `. |9 R4 U* M/ d) X. }  H% p
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
+ S- M: R( U& Z, f( Ereleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked! y( a' p: N3 B2 m5 E
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
7 q8 v; e+ o7 p3 Qmales; therefore, other male members of the family$ o  F) L9 i: a% [
may have similar precocious puberty.3
& n/ s- F. l3 t! ZIn our patient, physical examination was incon-% ?9 M* k+ c3 b5 |
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-9 d0 V% d  d4 ?4 z1 O; e
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis( h" J: _6 `+ e% ~; R/ z% P
was in the differential diagnosis because his father) @" v) L; j9 c5 e" V
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,( Y1 {4 ]" }: M1 a7 _' h% a
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the, H- w% I  m8 x1 Z6 }9 S5 u4 a3 ?
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
$ X) `- J/ T. C1 @1 D% M+ r$ tative initial history of androgen exposure, our3 A7 }1 f5 n$ x" m/ z" D
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,1 P2 D8 D. O& G+ w! @7 d5 D
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
4 w' Q% {! T6 Hdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-( a1 L: c/ d7 j3 g7 Y; [
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
' G* F) Z4 V% X( a4 k: O7 @The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
6 ^# z: L' t: g% y; u: r( h: ssuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because& n: R" {$ W; T% {( x3 d& y& h
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
2 |1 {9 y  \% ~9 ppearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and* z$ h$ }% D4 K% K
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
1 ~9 U3 P2 ?7 F& rterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was$ F  n  [- N* s# }) t
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
+ I. I1 y/ r; w$ k9 a, SDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or! a& F3 w1 s) c# \! ?7 T
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to4 p4 o, U+ G, \5 |
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.* G$ Q- E1 V, f$ h6 _  p! J! w3 u
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
# J# P' Y5 z; d7 v& Vbaseline value in those females who were exposed to; W$ p! \7 }) k: Y* U- U2 Z
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male5 K: h7 {5 p8 w. q  Q, a5 v- e
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
2 W2 o4 A: \1 l& m% }, Ption site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
& r5 R' `6 N2 N" v5 L( z9 eOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,$ w( t# L$ S( V9 _
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that) {" k: [; n$ N3 h& B* Z
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
$ C8 A2 L* Q" V' q$ ]4 H: l+ bterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more: Q) o# o, H# ~. f# U+ z
active in young children exposed to testosterone/ A4 T, I1 ^* u) v, r
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
! [! z6 b+ I' F' E7 e2 Z3 s9 tdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
4 \5 h! \8 l3 |9 svirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in, @1 _$ g+ V0 B5 H9 u( d" s
children results in an increase in growth velocity and3 y6 f/ f+ v2 F
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
" B% ^# z8 @" w3 @% T/ _The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
' C5 E. R% N( w- y. i0 Jearly childhood on pubertal development and final/ a$ E9 U. i- p0 H7 U, y+ y; W
adult height are not fully known and always remain
8 _, {1 r8 j" t, C- Za concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
! _' o) ]8 Y& n& v4 G2 Zterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
7 |) K! @2 k, s' ~- c' k2 n0 tacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after( C& w6 @7 I! u4 S4 S. K
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
! k$ e' ]7 b7 B+ W4 V* W8 ]decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
  c; M  s# g$ ]There are conflicting reports and controversy3 f" g! X$ @- U: b5 ~
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult2 A* ~& P1 l  W7 ?  X2 X+ F' u
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal) D' f* k9 @2 E. k' P! b
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-# R& ~9 G) G6 H# {
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
& Y4 @! e1 m! @4 l" m/ K, Y3 K3 RSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
: K0 r! |7 S( [/ Y1 S$ g9 ychildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult, A1 s# @& x" U7 w1 E9 L, b
penile length in clinical studies.
! C$ v& B, K7 R: X3 zNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is" n6 c2 r8 a! N; C& q- a- X0 L: ]7 N
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
+ a0 N9 G& ^$ Etestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because- R8 M# U- @+ ?# B
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
& q' P0 n; `; XAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
4 _; V# P2 s4 h7 X$ \+ h9 xdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at% o! B; x, }9 \9 U4 Z) z3 R- e
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
4 V8 [/ n9 @/ q5 e; b; x4 Mheight will not be affected.
4 @% Q7 z4 M# e. j; aAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
* w8 A5 f3 p# Lability of androgen products in our society may
% y6 _7 f% `6 N, R2 L7 d' L) _) w5 Windeed cause more virilization in male or female2 J/ U7 ~2 Z7 ]) w0 T
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-9 P* L: H6 n2 Z, ?6 l
gen products must be considered and specific ques-7 W: T: x% E, q0 }: `! h
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or# }; h8 Y; C' w
gel should be asked of the family members during
; |7 _# U" e2 \4 X( g: d6 S! Wthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
: N6 B. }8 a9 H" c( A7 \( Filization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
- E8 u. k) O/ z  l$ T( r  ?" anosis can be established by just a few tests and by
  \: f# f3 `0 t% }) s* Yappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
! j  C; D6 q* D% Z+ Zhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may+ M2 [" h+ @; ~; n
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
- u2 d+ x9 a% J9 B1 C! i1 qinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
3 A, k8 N  k1 q& s# |" Xaware of this fact, because most of these children
5 Q6 E; c; E5 s# r8 k2 o5 omay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’* w  _8 v+ i( r$ j9 m
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a: i+ r1 W  h1 |& A
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or( \$ }$ s4 ^. n$ M5 g; K2 w7 K, m6 z
female child who might come in contact with some-
% j- G. y; m/ s; h/ W1 b  A' @# K1 Oone using any of these products.. D2 B2 B( u( v- U( R9 n
References
0 D# q8 {; ]  S# g) h: b, Y- q1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation$ f0 R& J+ t6 `% N! P" m; q
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric6 B4 v; B% S; V' [+ O2 V
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;# h: x! I& X3 K
2002: 565-628.# ~% `+ |( e$ K: T
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
) i5 a" g5 k* Q% y! q" opuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old7 P  Z* D9 s3 u, z; x
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
; h( i- V' P8 @Exposure to Testosterone, V; v+ w5 Z, M$ L
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
7 D. a* g6 d+ g" Q  e# Xand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1$ Z; K/ y7 E) q1 k8 Z: r2 D( A
Clinical Pediatrics
+ m5 u7 |' S# Z0 r# Q1 b. Q, ~Volume 46 Number 6
  E; V  a1 t0 A% `! a' \7 N6 }0 PJuly 2007 540-543' \8 U, j$ A" \6 ~: w
© 2007 Sage Publications! ^( W3 J7 v4 _; L, ?4 Y& H
10.1177/0009922806296651
/ P8 m# V9 z2 ^% Q: u/ d1 Ahttp://clp.sagepub.com; u* z- \, H; l0 V
hosted at6 \( x* s0 f; o0 W* @7 g: c! s
http://online.sagepub.com* o/ V2 p, ~; Z- _: j
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
9 F& {: x- K+ s" D% _4 `# ]is a significant concern for physicians. Central
. l9 ^9 L6 X. ~* U- Hprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated9 e8 o& G8 _  y+ q
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has; X3 }3 n+ }' p  x+ |" S: O) Q
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
4 p; ~9 n; n/ c2 R$ Y- F8 Klesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
: z; f/ p, s/ c% n9 sby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
& |, S" |6 k, r$ ^* y' J( m- phair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-, q$ k% x# \0 [. g* K& c7 y' O, ^
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We& ~/ @. E2 ]/ b# F$ E
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the: [) S+ |# s+ f. |0 g; n1 g
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-0 ~* x1 e- \7 ^( P+ t; O
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due" n, q8 W( P( N' E9 Y
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by, {8 u8 P. {" G
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
$ i6 p$ h" u. v7 j$ A5 ?- G5 Z- cmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this* V. |) m5 L9 @9 i5 i. u4 T* Y
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of2 R  `" P8 t9 T
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-( n4 p& Z5 ]8 X
bly more common than the rare case report in the. j) a$ r2 d6 Y
literature.4' S( k; _  x+ I- L3 o' W4 x
Patient Report4 }: U5 C. y( G8 M) ^" I% r' }
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
# U, ]* B' v# c& V# I, w) [endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
2 k$ x; V* [0 M8 Oof early sexual development. His mother noticed' l+ k3 e6 L- v* }7 p: p
light colored pubic hair development when he was
. {. d* x8 d& n3 ~! Y8 _" Z& ~From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
0 C4 n- }- }# G, v5 h3 ^8 ESouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.) u  `, ]6 A3 G" `" L: c, x
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,. g; X$ I& C8 _) D- u
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
7 K- [) s% k! L2 Q# \) BMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;& B, ]9 G: E7 c- b$ p9 J
e-mail: [email protected].3 U" q1 t  a" S% d( i) ?
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
7 i2 a1 @/ k4 Bdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-# X: M# W6 F  B1 v  g- _
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
3 ]& |7 G2 [; O" h* \was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
8 B" y) T. @5 A1 _6 Va birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of1 x; R, _1 C& \) V
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
2 s- C; A8 _" F4 w' iof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
1 U- x" q) z( d# r% C5 ?1 Z& Nsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
; @9 u) g* Y+ @* aand his psychosocial and psychomotor development7 ^& A. b2 w1 J
was age appropriate.
) t# ^2 n  E+ S0 E" U! RThe family history was remarkable for the father,
, [# C2 L6 Z; E+ iwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
; I1 ]7 M$ K! Ywhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s- M6 w: ~6 X+ S4 F1 \4 N
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat7 P: \$ q7 y8 m! [7 v
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14./ M2 w9 v% `. {- u$ A; z* z( O! {: G
The father denied taking any other medication. The% K4 J4 W9 e5 x, k$ J
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
; {5 C0 d+ `( {, h  G+ Zwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet5 V3 f( Y0 u! K$ ?' ^" W/ Q
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-8 X8 O$ `* J4 I; y7 w1 S
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
) M& [; t; D1 s7 l* Ctives. There were no siblings.' r/ e  [, {0 }' L6 B) V& f2 R
Physical Examination7 ]5 V0 Q8 C: \# G
The physical examination revealed a very active,; @, t, ?. {/ M6 ]2 C
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented6 N0 I* _2 X+ Q8 h$ s3 t# `
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
) ^: z. i( H4 `9 v" m+ X90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg. o0 o: g% b3 h  D  L, F; O+ x$ x
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth1 B- e' G# w% b( o  e7 R2 ?
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of: ^; v4 L7 x, z# A
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement., R- y% g3 u& B6 e& H( u* z
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for# |7 Z: ~, G9 c; ?2 S7 _% R
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of1 R- E8 ^4 O7 u* S( Y- N
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
- e4 k8 ?" T4 u9 O" ldeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around) q! j. k9 A! e" x* u, z
540* w  V" @4 H( `1 g. ~3 `. _6 z
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from) V" Q( M8 X. B9 S: y
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The0 M5 P( ~/ H1 B, l5 x0 s6 R
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.% o' W& M/ ~" o1 ]- ?
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
) q3 P: H( q$ o* @1 coily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no2 v0 ]; K! u# b
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
: J. V# S, W. C; o+ P. ^Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+/ d8 d- n* [6 o: a! O2 P
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion" ]( o& P3 t* L; d/ v, B
of papilledema.
/ ?/ {* D  I6 z9 K0 BLaboratory Evaluation
6 J$ M- m: ?: A$ y! ]7 PThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by  L$ w1 }5 _9 ?' a: \
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-; R/ H* d) Q" c" O8 l
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal  v% S8 v% p4 l( _0 ?" M6 i2 S" N- M
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test6 G6 v6 w& W3 f# M* q7 M: i4 Z4 X
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
% V4 V7 ?& F$ Blating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
+ Z0 i  A3 e5 D, L. MThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood9 M/ Q% E2 e5 s% Z& d! }# d# F
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
' t& ^* X& Z+ y% f* J$ N# z" Swithin normal range for his age. The concentration+ {3 T* h# s" ^) d7 b
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL" \, z/ U8 \5 L* r' r3 W
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
* P4 M- [" p$ R6 Bng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
2 F* I  Q5 T' |# }& D6 _' Bterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),+ m% }* C( |- u
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to+ x7 w3 J& J8 l4 N  b1 d
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)6 S$ d; N) r9 p1 T
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
6 j" [, d& r$ ?8 Y* Q8 W9 j" @  {tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total$ E- z" y0 @4 l, n( K/ U
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),! B+ W( a7 _7 a8 @& i+ Y
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
" d( V6 T% F# _6 n5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
# i- d5 E# G: Mstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone* ]# W/ w1 F- ?9 X$ o
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
5 r: t* \0 l1 U! o. J/ T! |. y) R(prepubertal).
! C+ n2 W, \$ U1 e( m8 }The parents were notified about the laboratory, p% h/ T7 E6 N% o2 r( C7 a6 X
results and were informed that all of the tests were
. T( s! Q( Y. Wnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
& W" b' T8 @+ e" |0 N8 p& y1 }follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to0 N- d& }& n3 x+ V. R1 B
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-& G+ R' C0 F7 c6 F; |$ U# ?
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.7 N# [0 g4 |, B* ]0 O
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
- a7 k- S! F# w5 xchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained# L9 Q! I1 w( O5 N" Q$ v) b# o+ f
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
, k, \( b$ P5 J) e# x! e) Cunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-4 L. E' I1 w+ X7 j  K
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
/ q. u5 o4 c" lthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
1 l: u, c  i$ B9 c# p$ ~7 lmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.& V, U* ]8 S, m6 d  H- _- S
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
0 S8 y( \: H- I+ e  A& f( X+ X! Ving frequent erections.( `; G& ?- h2 D
Both parents were again questioned about use of
7 c0 ]& w! u8 `: C7 Aany ointment/creams that they may have applied to. Y. f( J2 `' Z1 s% g5 L6 ?$ G
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the& R' ?! ?* x& _$ W" k+ W( b' Y
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541% X0 T& G. Z1 O+ w1 h
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-; |/ R) p& P; n2 \& M
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for$ P5 V9 ]7 l8 h
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
3 X/ a( A) @7 U- ato disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-5 d1 o: v8 I: c5 I
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
% X7 F6 I% B9 i! C+ L* f3 lsecondary to depression.
; |. y! k, B; @% pThe child slept in the same bed with parents.7 B, l- H$ n. \) R6 t/ b1 E, h
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
. p1 _7 U4 v1 A2 `: y2 |: c* \chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-1 W  R' n. ^2 L. R3 ?% W/ D8 o, y
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.8 Y) q& U% D1 Q: `. o/ h
The father also admitted that after the phone call,8 Z2 E* {3 F; f. y+ \4 A+ P5 E' o9 B
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
6 ~( U2 c' i- T4 K# Fwas high, he then read the product information
5 h) L! ]: d) U/ @& G0 V/ ^packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-3 W5 h0 w( P$ \  i3 _
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
+ [, q8 h* H3 ^* x' A; r* Odecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the2 _: Z, F- h3 E' B" i! S
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
$ m* m8 [) c. h8 xbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone. {  a, p- M) Q! n! M4 M
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the5 C3 @0 \. {. W
laboratory to obtain the test.8 U1 X: b4 e* x: E
Discussion
( ?. _* q. |& lPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
. i1 X  H. c% W6 H1 d; T3 \sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
9 R, T. S! U$ M  _$ y, Q* o) SPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when, G$ J# a/ V% e( X1 v" H& \4 b% `
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( ?4 |9 |% H2 R/ ~* zthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
3 k; G2 Y- R, E* ?* |2 c& Lmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
7 z. K4 S! a  R5 q3 ?" q" G# |7 omay have a central nervous system lesion that is
7 q5 Y8 I8 t* y7 @( `) Cresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
5 s0 g1 I9 K7 v2 M) e5 lamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
' F: R! Z2 A% Csis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
8 y' g# ]" E+ D. W3 u5 Bboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-2 ~- s) r) p2 ]% _. }% g
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-; N( _7 F  V: a/ ^9 S( n# A
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by6 S0 M1 f, K  d3 R  P% F  v7 x
gonadotropins.1,3( h1 k; ]9 P- [( h  u* r
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
' k$ ?6 Z5 Z, z7 Xcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
2 T9 R* b4 r: P$ B( S/ D! i- w* nandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
5 B6 q. k$ E! r! d& p3 bexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-' V) V) Z! N- u* H( g
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing0 d- v6 c- ^2 l1 Q( f
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
% a6 G3 _, v' L0 e2 L8 ~+ ~7 m- padrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
" Z  K; M" h, k9 L& Z6 T! t$ R! W" zpuberty in boys.3,49 o6 _3 H# x6 F6 `# |! s, l
The most common form of congenital adrenal1 J' I2 C+ r' Q
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
( Z1 c4 i+ Z0 sThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in  ^* C. d/ V. j3 u# J4 ?% M
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
. Y3 }2 B3 T! `9 `7 u8 man adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
, n- d) B- X3 d0 V. [excess.1,3$ H% a4 a: H4 w/ l- F  @. K
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& Z% j) S9 n; {2 S$ K& R7 z
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
2 [) ?  |6 X1 }( l# F2 V2 {  kA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-7 ^, l3 v9 W* ?3 J  W) g2 G
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
) z, D: [3 _7 D% [as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
3 y) a- k" B. T" s% }# X* ^very young age. The physical findings in these boys
, J8 A  k: B( N0 `- t* E& ?with this disorder are full pubertal development,
4 l. K+ f  Q/ b7 K5 B& k+ zincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
% v& ~+ R/ D2 m5 ]with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder) N5 [) m$ Y3 i+ F6 f, W
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show! o+ a2 O2 T  W* t
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-$ u/ P9 i. T& D5 d4 V  n; R
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked+ [% R. H  u$ p4 C
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only9 ~7 }5 e( Z8 W  N" J0 k
males; therefore, other male members of the family
: {- X3 V. p- D3 j7 d  Amay have similar precocious puberty.36 }4 S8 s( l) N4 @  h. T! W
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
& M7 {% b- m5 H! |; ]sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
& C/ D2 c3 u5 T# v# \7 m) ecles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
4 ^% U2 A$ q! ^! k; e* bwas in the differential diagnosis because his father: U- [0 M& N/ B3 L2 Y! h& s) n
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,# d" K  H# X. H
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the& k# N7 E4 B! V. F/ F/ h
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
5 T, {5 J  J1 I8 L% o6 R6 H8 L7 i) t' uative initial history of androgen exposure, our
  l0 o5 ^$ a. |9 y& w$ kbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
; I( _7 o1 X5 G3 }either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase* E2 R/ ^: F, u+ |7 W, l
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-0 C  ]! h0 G. C  @4 [: [- ]
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.% ]& D3 C5 _9 n3 A& _3 I6 u
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly5 h# R8 A) p3 F1 p+ y4 w& a7 J6 h; N8 P
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because. q1 @* k$ ?/ E% S' k0 n' a! o
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-$ F$ j* S. |, Z& \; ^
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and/ T$ Z4 W! x  ?# @% T
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-% {1 B/ t' J4 R' p- _
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was5 D7 g: |- g" C$ u: E: P0 @
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’: J- N! f, K1 z( a- `9 ]
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
: ?1 M/ o* w- }8 t, S2 J* Q: g  vcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to# T$ p' F- S5 e
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
# `. l' E6 B$ d- }& L# Q8 a1 |Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the! f9 M% B# m  P
baseline value in those females who were exposed to3 |4 L& [: \  {- @- w
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male' D5 K$ K! J$ b# a
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-$ G3 p0 ?2 x6 w6 W' g
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.1 ~- O* v$ }3 l; J- D8 _5 N5 Y
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,0 X+ ~! I, Y4 _& k- t
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
. I3 M9 i7 I7 m: Z# w8 Mdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
- t; f4 M# g0 ?( {- S5 t# Cterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more+ {1 v3 y1 y6 H6 k- K
active in young children exposed to testosterone. n4 a! ~; \4 L) \) _7 A0 A* }+ L
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-! L% ~2 b9 ~8 I
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to  t) q3 s* e, l  n6 D: v! E
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
& t) _" v% U  M& I9 rchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and9 z' c" C+ Q/ K) q2 N6 E. I
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
7 ~/ a8 |4 Q3 AThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
) S) A- h6 \  g& c/ ^early childhood on pubertal development and final
5 h9 a; q$ Z8 a+ ~1 Kadult height are not fully known and always remain+ m4 _( b& D% @
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
& `) t' z+ V: \# rterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some3 r+ B3 K3 D* N: k) X: F: M* u1 F1 }
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after; S! B2 I* Z& N7 F4 d
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
; f! F! a1 P2 gdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
1 Z" q, \+ @4 cThere are conflicting reports and controversy
/ U7 O& b' a% e; Z/ U- eover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
% S8 f$ s6 g5 r, C1 \# R- Q# j8 \penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal8 R4 [6 y& E- L" D: [
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
& {! E% O- H7 W7 J$ O/ u$ |ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,3 Z5 p  a2 C$ F  D( x( `, z+ S
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between5 x: t% P- q( b- _, F3 g* O
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
, ^1 j3 p4 S% l  ?) C) gpenile length in clinical studies.- _/ [6 H; |0 z' u" m# q) n) v
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is+ n& e  @( k; K. b. n( V
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
' ^, e  W  u7 b' C4 I; N: {7 q; ]5 Ktestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
: o/ s) O/ R; t% dthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
3 c4 ?( C) I3 m7 F. P  MAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of7 f+ ^5 V, S: O# B" A
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
; n* G) t- f5 {, i. Athe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult2 y9 R/ l4 y: M/ x7 p" i7 q
height will not be affected.2 N6 t' Z1 Y0 O2 }& O! M
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
; x8 {, T4 t' i" _% o1 F5 M& p6 oability of androgen products in our society may
& g6 L3 N1 b/ g# b  h( |indeed cause more virilization in male or female0 _0 m- r2 x2 Q& P% g
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-- v& |# U% Y4 _. q9 c0 t
gen products must be considered and specific ques-7 r2 z1 W/ V/ g5 `; M5 r/ C4 w
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
) E% {: T  H" D; m& j3 e% Pgel should be asked of the family members during, L2 @; T5 a* m/ p% R8 E/ U
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
+ q9 @& n+ S9 z! rilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-( M: t* p- C0 H  P) w5 t) P
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
& D( Q$ M6 b: H) q! @/ Oappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a( \, m6 M6 s! a4 k8 A$ ?
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
. T) p7 i4 ]: dresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
4 ?5 f/ m1 A( A" W2 Iinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
  ]* u% C5 a  r+ x1 x( N; `aware of this fact, because most of these children+ l1 E$ C' ?4 b5 l4 w+ l2 {6 ?
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’# T9 e/ ?; ?# }- p  G
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a: a4 l' k5 Z+ d
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
! a: s5 b- F/ s, Ofemale child who might come in contact with some-. d, E" M% X/ d* d: G
one using any of these products.8 p+ R- K1 T# T& |- I; F6 {
References( c1 L5 v1 }+ z2 H& a8 K/ O
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation0 E. X( |; S: m! i/ |
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric  H. M- g# j4 }. m
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;* o" A$ Z8 N( }" g# {4 k- U) o& Y. B6 c
2002: 565-628.
8 K0 c) r! M/ ~2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
# B# N) `0 v9 K2 h5 n8 jpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

2 s3 `: X7 P; @$ ^$ F% g8 ^精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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