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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
* Z! y( m: U' P% H  z3 nBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
1 _5 S  t: N0 C0 w8 bExposure to Testosterone
, j. C! o$ L  R5 O$ [1 k! aSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,22 N( s; s) L" \7 l6 p0 H8 H
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1  Y1 F, O7 d/ G4 H' n7 s
Clinical Pediatrics
3 A4 F- L9 n5 W& z5 F  PVolume 46 Number 6( _1 T  v3 P4 i5 I0 i9 x9 e+ L4 e
July 2007 540-5436 Z5 n6 F, X/ z) r/ v
© 2007 Sage Publications
) a9 Q! n4 ^6 B! C; V3 q3 m10.1177/0009922806296651
' R) \: T' \! Q& w% h4 Ohttp://clp.sagepub.com
! `0 z( L7 B; O4 Z! phosted at, s- }! w5 S3 M6 [3 U+ D
http://online.sagepub.com# u1 l8 r! _; ]* W. Q5 G
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
5 _) `* X# G( s1 \is a significant concern for physicians. Central
  t6 f$ z- g$ Hprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
& U, [, q5 ]1 x0 T, o: wthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has" d& U$ w4 c( O! z( r8 P
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
8 d- ?5 [: C7 X8 b$ Ulesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
1 f9 S- A8 H- U7 n5 p; @$ M1 c8 xby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic% W0 r/ f0 G0 D* ?' B- F3 a8 Z2 C4 w) u
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-' u  g' s7 ?. [* l5 \1 T
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We; j7 H: p0 [8 f4 v/ P# D
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
' |: o5 D' i5 p# }9 Penlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
! {& B  t& b7 e6 K  t, iment without testicular enlargement, which was due4 ~: }3 P! u# _' Q7 b- g7 U3 I
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
+ p5 E2 b; p$ i& l" _the father. The family initially concealed this infor-9 c- w, |; f9 x9 o2 V$ R7 Z4 ]& c$ a
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this# }4 L/ m/ C5 z
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
" Z+ k4 ?0 f# N% Btestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-' r+ N- {$ Y  ^
bly more common than the rare case report in the) C0 P1 Z6 a8 J$ i3 h, T
literature.4
! [) |9 u" T4 `# iPatient Report
$ f. F% a/ K4 \  ?$ a9 k8 eA 16-month-old white child was referred to the  q) j8 ^$ X: J
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
$ _8 v$ ?9 n6 q- l3 dof early sexual development. His mother noticed: P) b2 u$ ]0 ~5 ^
light colored pubic hair development when he was
0 H  y+ g" _( ?% ?From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
2 k, _% b. ?. {$ C/ LSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.' z# b+ O$ P( e
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
: @: v* ]" `! g- a' T1 XProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of; T8 Y3 d. }/ y; _* `* a( g
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
6 b6 N! s, G0 v  ne-mail: [email protected].3 d" [3 b  o# Y
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
) J  k, q3 Q  n, K, idarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-; C9 Z9 k) l( b& w! A4 i
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
/ G/ c$ d! q0 x! r) Ywas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with9 w  ~3 h* j9 ^0 R$ g7 A; A, ^* e
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
; ~+ @, m7 I0 ~' k/ d2 |: ^: w20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
" _9 `, t  x+ [8 s2 i! Q- Fof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
9 ]7 @  d( B# c. t9 v- Qsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,- N2 A$ N: q! N" c5 G/ c
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development7 h/ E0 f! F! e% F( m. \! S0 A, `
was age appropriate.5 t6 E& O6 h# o
The family history was remarkable for the father,
' Q% y1 d2 R  D* m6 s1 jwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
) K4 T, S/ g9 t; ]! y9 Ewhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
  G7 y! n# I$ A8 \3 aheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
$ f  p) e# b6 W$ D! Nearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.& i  w& ]7 ]" P+ {  F5 g8 z
The father denied taking any other medication. The
0 I5 C8 Y; w  n6 ~- _child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche/ e0 \) o' r& e) N
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
' n) E4 x8 G- J0 L6 Z' c$ y, @5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
* i! Y8 `8 W4 J( L  j* Q# rcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
. I7 e: N9 E5 ^* y* j& Q1 Xtives. There were no siblings.+ D, L5 ?1 t0 P6 x0 G
Physical Examination) ^# F$ e) ]  a/ C2 @/ Q2 J
The physical examination revealed a very active,- `$ B) N; V* `' v; V
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
# D9 X+ Z6 O  R3 Z/ ^  @, d3 ]a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was2 G8 s5 \1 |, n8 ?" s1 }1 y
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg. G* x2 y; R2 W& ^2 E4 M9 o& d
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
# Z! \1 U; P: F6 j' M' Z* ?( Gvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of" S: V; g: U! O9 G2 q: X9 T
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.; g' ~& q8 J! s" h# v6 z
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for. }: T% x8 W4 l
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of  Q2 o( D1 ~# I. x: A" ^; R9 F7 ~
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
# C& U" r% g9 h9 j4 G& Pdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around, k/ l/ d" w0 v1 f
540
# R; K/ u' @0 cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* p/ F6 [# ~0 ]! d* p6 M
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
5 ^: d" p" |1 R: Ytesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.4 V/ i" g  U; X: u8 d9 T
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat. l' \5 J8 M$ M9 X/ n2 @
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
3 \& d. ]/ Z8 ^1 k5 _; ^3 u+ vabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.' {1 J7 h- c, a$ R, g/ z- A
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
1 N# p' [& U% W& G9 abilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion. C. [0 ^2 P7 [, q9 T
of papilledema.
: B4 p# a2 a" M8 ~Laboratory Evaluation5 x" o4 ?! N, D
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by% C% J  `6 @- S0 }* K( D
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
' t- F1 D9 Z0 O- ~  d) vlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal8 s( C7 f% ^; U0 j: u; \
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
+ n# C8 v; B7 q6 q9 G- X) lshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
  b- R$ `3 L4 [6 ]+ l. `lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
  Q8 X! v! w' T* X+ A3 X4 sThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood5 K0 O5 B5 O- o  R! b5 C3 i+ N& V9 q) b
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
) {$ @/ [0 R# Awithin normal range for his age. The concentration
. }, F2 N8 y& ^* nof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL9 m  V* s% q" t7 I* y% q" O( `
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
" R6 u; t# g- s# C2 z  l4 Kng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
+ i. h- K' ~2 m, |$ J( Gterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),# M/ H1 e$ r0 U  i9 D2 X# y
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to0 X2 R, ~( C& U
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
# b* P1 s# E8 W" D  zwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
( L# a- J" `0 y  {tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
- z/ O$ n; V1 o; Wtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),) F& |1 E: A# i5 u
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
# B/ u% a; V( A- N: _5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
6 n, u/ ^. T! wstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
; l0 s1 V1 z0 ~0 G( U; O9 Z1 qconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
$ h/ m& B' k1 p/ q(prepubertal).
& m3 d2 S) R/ t( Q0 P- [The parents were notified about the laboratory' r& j8 _. G& @3 v
results and were informed that all of the tests were
4 L0 V5 |7 ]1 g+ _( ^% qnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
5 p: m# O' w5 a$ vfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to) o# {  S5 V: e- U/ o& P
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-+ [9 p2 `) \7 z4 {! V
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.) J+ X6 D0 O5 E
Physical examination at this time revealed that the1 F1 q/ S( l. f' B2 y( E
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
0 I$ e/ W& z4 @8 T! E2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
+ Q/ L& u( k4 n( A  P* T; yunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-! W1 F3 H! L3 O$ t% x
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
) w" ?& I1 v3 {9 Wthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 21 A3 ?5 v1 t# k2 h( T/ K% d
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.% n$ M3 P; g' H' @7 g
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
% R. J! E2 a  `9 jing frequent erections.
6 `- i8 l5 F: Z/ J8 u$ G- x( CBoth parents were again questioned about use of
% j2 e7 Z+ ]3 a: c3 B0 }any ointment/creams that they may have applied to7 S& }+ F' O" @5 S0 p, {" y) j4 a7 [
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
$ ~$ Q8 W- E  V4 F! D3 S! {4 ]" qTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5412 L8 G# j/ l, d" ]- E: Q
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
# h3 d) B9 E2 x1 r. oing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
6 c0 }, }7 V( \4 }) c9 s( a  Ua year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
7 V0 ?4 G8 X6 W- Hto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
8 n6 c- H' S/ N  P1 Dscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
2 U. K6 I) r' f; o1 \7 Dsecondary to depression., Z, k; c6 Y& n, I" u. B
The child slept in the same bed with parents.# z! `, B# I" \2 i! w( F* K4 @
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
- w' G: X( I& ~0 m' c0 @' U1 K0 }chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
( y$ B2 Q* w. s5 Y/ znificant bare skin contact between baby and father.( _3 I% a! ]' @
The father also admitted that after the phone call,) j" Y7 i, w' Q$ ~+ _
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
8 y; u) D- I$ c% S: i3 g1 W% Awas high, he then read the product information0 R4 |! K  l& b" M
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-0 i& ]" I0 ]6 H# s! D
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
* I7 x# d$ ?! h; k9 N' vdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the/ N. [6 w4 o! v; E% P# S$ W
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had/ G5 U. E! h$ J
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone! m* h' T. l4 o+ S; Q. {
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the. ?) u2 Y' u4 m) i# c
laboratory to obtain the test.2 |( C3 v- P: d$ p. F# }
Discussion' l8 N2 t/ O4 H/ y% z
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
8 p  y0 r: M; M7 k/ lsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4" e1 Y  ~$ _& w5 e6 U9 b: O8 n$ _2 f
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when/ v4 T+ P# F2 g& F, W
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-+ h) p  [+ q3 `! j9 J7 |8 c$ U
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-+ a0 O/ Q7 H4 d% K/ U
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
* r" b( E4 ~! x/ S+ m+ g* Xmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
& L/ R8 H6 i3 C% \9 T6 Qresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-3 E7 K' V0 C. E6 B: b
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
) [: l0 L- ?5 gsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
/ f" U0 f% e/ zboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
9 _) b0 c$ h2 w/ T. w" D- Xization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
% H, w6 B/ p, m3 X9 Q" h. t9 i2 Vrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
' {8 y5 c& s6 V3 {gonadotropins.1,3$ Q# M) S& D! s! F
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-' z! k. w1 c# T* @0 i
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate. j0 J" g, C" z) F6 z
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
( D5 `4 y8 q: O' O2 L# m: aexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
& c9 i, B1 s1 E( M/ ^- c" Zulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing3 b- D% W& {/ ~3 T$ O
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive+ ~3 Z( T5 `+ `
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious6 I! D9 h7 I: @0 k) j2 ]
puberty in boys.3,4
- S0 R/ _9 I; z8 r5 P6 ?( KThe most common form of congenital adrenal- g. F  E. V) T# Z9 \
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
0 Z. j2 i. W' F- EThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
  X1 X7 P; W5 r0 R2 j& mexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
# n' O+ g& F& T; f' n; pan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen$ n- x' b2 R( o; H+ m* K5 n2 r2 H
excess.1,3" U  K9 U# W3 e1 C
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from7 w9 X8 [: S3 Y: o" g4 U* p3 K
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007" n( V7 v- n+ s  _% @4 i  Y
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-1 {) b$ V% d. y$ O. R
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
5 I1 ]. D% K! `5 `! o3 a& }as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
9 c8 k/ F2 d8 H% m6 k( ]/ tvery young age. The physical findings in these boys$ h. ]# L) ~* @
with this disorder are full pubertal development,. [0 I: Z7 {* }8 j
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
- E- J" X! x" Swith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder( z  I1 p8 l0 ^. \* Y7 h* f% \
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
; G$ G8 ]8 G$ L: L. Q5 k; I; W- C+ }pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
6 e7 R& p* S6 J0 |releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
7 z$ K) E& h( [! wautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
& o+ j4 ~) S" j9 `4 |males; therefore, other male members of the family
1 T! f; M* @. p! P( T7 h% `; amay have similar precocious puberty.3  ~& C5 B* x2 X: E$ i  }4 |
In our patient, physical examination was incon-! {6 _! k  [: E: C3 }
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
$ p9 X% I9 b8 [1 }- Qcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis2 i2 c4 m" U: J; I; {
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
! M3 K7 E, K$ g" ostarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
$ c+ x7 J: l& [( a( otesticular enlargement is not that evident in the2 |3 Y: k' I; V: R: Y1 c
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-" E: S& O. X% L+ I- k! d9 e. ^; X, w* J9 I
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
( @4 `: a. E1 Ubiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
' V8 P' E) T* d$ l1 Y+ n& _either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
( {# O) p7 M  n& R6 _2 X7 M0 w5 J1 }deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-4 B% {! V1 ?6 N% `# F. T0 n( Q
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
6 m- Z7 {! w' k, p) ?3 yThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly0 g& r) |* J& @# n
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because4 P  E. l) @7 e  u9 j. @" K* }
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
) R" j5 d1 a0 S& z  C5 {! R( Hpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and* r$ A, G: Q% T( i" Z: R7 H9 Z$ l
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
; t8 \/ s% d) `) [* n9 f# vterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
! E3 p/ a( i4 M1 B) Z7 H( ^using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’' X- ?8 u9 j4 D3 d# u/ `8 U
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or  m/ u- y; Y- [$ v6 Z
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
3 G7 A7 |9 Z- v" s. Uunprotected females through direct skin exposure.3 L% R3 y$ g  K
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
  T" X; {1 L7 {/ nbaseline value in those females who were exposed to% W6 U# I0 @; `0 @4 r7 B! k  M1 S
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
9 e; P) G1 d+ d8 i! n0 ^partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
5 w; U2 B! m- a4 J7 W$ M6 Vtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.+ s; Q/ J" V% G9 S' G; m7 o: ?
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,; D, V4 M  b$ c' A" L( b. ^
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that2 e' h# K0 f5 f) u% y' [* T: z
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
) g( C$ H/ f9 s7 {2 i) wterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
# G' l0 q& E0 W$ A" `3 E( Cactive in young children exposed to testosterone
! _# \6 n  {/ E/ `exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
4 _1 H1 t# x1 kdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to1 g. V$ y0 D+ k; H5 y
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
1 M2 J6 ?$ D5 @% Y( M3 o& ochildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
8 C/ B! h; Y' \% p6 |. c+ |" Nadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.( K/ S; ]# V3 c. a6 R% D
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during+ p! m; I0 r; w: }) \
early childhood on pubertal development and final8 W) q, Q0 E1 A' E& \" D
adult height are not fully known and always remain. Z# z7 d9 a# Q8 O
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
  N( a! H4 R. k* _1 c, h) W, |2 Cterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some/ L7 |" y5 k& Q$ f# l; E' v
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
, o0 D9 |5 `6 ?  D' v2 A. P4 A  pcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation/ I% W3 o' Q7 f$ F8 t3 |3 ]/ j
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& K( k/ k% r: T/ z8 m; |, _7 w; i: W
There are conflicting reports and controversy+ Q. d' Z  Z) M* n  j( P: a/ w! ]
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
5 N; k5 e- n+ A: a, H$ w! x) h1 Mpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
8 U) P& k! I0 ~8 k2 A0 @adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
, u  A4 \( }3 ^ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,% m+ L/ }1 ?4 ?7 e+ T2 D; t7 W
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
) e  X7 E! g$ v6 Q" [childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult1 ~6 ?( M9 g* m1 h5 B  e; h
penile length in clinical studies.4 B6 ^( q2 Q4 m+ Q7 x& Q
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is% R- G! B$ Z& b3 Y
going to experience any of the untoward effects from. ?7 e* z- h6 r0 r4 w* I$ g
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
' C0 {* K( `/ ~2 t, I$ rthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
4 _/ [5 K/ G2 H% _Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
, A! J' X7 k4 A3 |diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at9 T. k% w. D- v8 i' J
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
: T+ s' B3 p5 f1 cheight will not be affected.
4 i& V6 |: \7 E5 a3 N% X( u: vAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-5 m0 m  a. P6 O2 d+ Z( [
ability of androgen products in our society may
" [6 U9 `/ r, v! V) e. Q5 yindeed cause more virilization in male or female
$ [; H: L$ t4 B1 P3 mchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-6 {- y5 g, Q8 b
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
! J* U0 u$ u) M* x/ Etioning about the use of a testosterone product or
: y+ H+ y% Q# a1 x* ugel should be asked of the family members during
; [. V% Q- I( gthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-" z6 o8 B1 w; w2 R
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
. \$ {* z3 M7 }" X5 h$ S- b2 M) `nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
; J* j9 e' I/ ~; z. }: K% lappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
% R% q- Y5 G, _9 C, Q6 h* [' ]7 Ahistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may3 H: a/ ?, A; V# W
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
1 X5 n' L6 |1 O" @4 Minvestigation. The primary care physician should be
0 M- u0 i& y! y. Taware of this fact, because most of these children
9 u; }1 l# q0 X5 \' R4 mmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
$ @% N6 T( f  M, qDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
1 l+ u' w4 b5 \" H8 Y1 \; \warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
* J  G; N: ^: S+ O6 [, E3 z7 L; Efemale child who might come in contact with some-, |% X  C9 y: X1 v5 B) a# M; [
one using any of these products.) W; e9 M1 m. l7 U$ ]- l
References  w2 c% e7 J! [% p( R0 D6 H! V% y
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation: X( T+ S) j# q
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
# \9 d* F3 o9 I2 M) l; K( q0 vEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;! E( U6 ~" b1 h" d- r5 ?6 |
2002: 565-628.
+ F& J) S4 B8 D+ i" l8 C+ U2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
( B$ n+ ?5 R$ c( e! v. D  lpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
9 i# I/ z8 o8 Y* [% u8 G- {Boy Induced by Indirect Topical  i6 `2 C% ~( I  l+ O( J3 w
Exposure to Testosterone
) U  M; x" p; ^7 K3 _' [$ `Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
5 ~, Q( ?- O+ B) O0 Wand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
% [( x1 u9 K& f; CClinical Pediatrics( z* C! e4 l: d0 m4 V0 R7 K
Volume 46 Number 6
& H5 A* M3 d; E& ?: N) MJuly 2007 540-543/ Z4 f% z) q) O6 c
© 2007 Sage Publications1 a6 k# Q5 h# \
10.1177/0009922806296651
+ G8 I* L6 o3 ]0 u1 e- r2 dhttp://clp.sagepub.com; t: K2 D% }  i( Y7 m3 |3 E; \& b' V
hosted at" B4 @; w$ G; k7 u, M& [  T! O: {, x7 }
http://online.sagepub.com2 u9 l' P, O( E7 E' u
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,% u. M; D, ~  Z
is a significant concern for physicians. Central  ?# m3 g6 @- [+ v
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated$ T7 p) w! V/ O, i1 l2 e6 [( F
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has0 h$ d* p" I* _' r/ Y
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
' X4 X; K* {$ S, tlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested" p! H# |  o2 G
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic. ]7 }$ ?% {! Z, g6 J$ Z2 D- F
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-& J9 H" y* y6 k
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We9 \; Z' }5 H) S1 M7 n/ V6 s
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the5 [& A( j' Z0 _* n+ ~
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
9 t$ X) A: o8 yment without testicular enlargement, which was due
! Y, @% N. r! Fto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by/ A  r: Y- p0 r. o
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-" Q" p+ F- D0 w- K
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
# Z: [0 \) c6 ~2 h( @child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
( {0 G* F% C/ r' o( \testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-% B3 N1 ^# A# X% A3 P* Y/ u5 F
bly more common than the rare case report in the+ L  s' R" E7 E# Q) m! [2 S3 H
literature.4
! G; R8 ~8 {+ J  `9 M2 mPatient Report3 m2 m5 @% P. @5 o4 R
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
' H3 `0 H+ t9 x2 r% D# ]+ Z, ?# ^4 Mendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
" L6 I0 t: S0 G! X  |# Nof early sexual development. His mother noticed
5 M+ c+ L2 o% Q; i$ [+ mlight colored pubic hair development when he was8 b; s, t& b# z4 N* y# {: S# R
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
1 i! x0 }$ d/ V' o! FSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.3 H0 T9 B$ ~4 k# v* |
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,  ^7 C' y' p2 K7 v
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of' s5 ]6 P% \7 L: |* |, h
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
7 q+ m) R# v2 W. ?: [9 g; Z5 ~e-mail: [email protected].
, F7 Z# @: a4 Z/ @+ gabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became4 F* ~, i' _1 H* h
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-4 G! L0 H! m9 D) i
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
" B- X: T5 G7 L6 ywas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with. }2 c2 L0 q; ?+ D% G% o! w5 a0 [
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
$ m8 {9 E; u5 ^, a/ u9 S+ Q0 n20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year- X9 ~  j( G1 f* r1 h
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
' t9 H2 E/ B/ Rsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,0 V9 Z4 J+ [2 y& g. i3 g% b# Q
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development, U5 j2 @' s, @# d5 m
was age appropriate.  o: y; T7 w. c( \8 ?  R
The family history was remarkable for the father," ?2 V% t4 o# |0 ]2 F5 X
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
1 b' ?  f. R8 S2 Qwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
- R4 G/ E* N" oheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat7 H/ b3 G% w' j2 h
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
) ~2 i' U" g2 J5 G0 A5 ~The father denied taking any other medication. The5 O7 C, L# }% v: g- B
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
( x' b/ F2 S' d2 ^8 b# l9 K) \* Iwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
" u( `6 E9 [% `* P2 ?6 Y5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
6 f# l$ V% M. j  E, I. u3 T0 scocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-3 I5 G+ Y: {2 }3 g( p2 p
tives. There were no siblings.4 o9 P: Q" g, z: Q& X$ B3 t4 f
Physical Examination. V9 L* C9 ?. M- H  P- @( u
The physical examination revealed a very active,$ h% q; @4 ^4 [, Q' P3 H: s% [: j/ b
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented, F9 k6 h9 G8 G$ P5 Z$ h
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was. v$ A8 i! p' f" e1 k2 i2 E
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
3 q2 U5 T0 F& U& R1 \(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
4 k) H" J7 b+ gvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
2 M  g6 ?6 G- ]7 l" z% tthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.7 g. E( h, a: d" f5 e
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
6 V7 y9 I, m7 X3 X  J* O5 ^$ ]& \enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of' N  j9 z9 ]$ m3 P- L* Z5 b
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
7 ]# m; ?$ G/ ~& e; ]) }  Gdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 R/ K" `4 w! l' f
540" f* a$ T, D. q: R* ^' g
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from" h5 p+ F8 \# h4 S; s/ F+ O
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The" K& T1 ^; W9 q( L, o
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.$ L( O  P2 G% e
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat: n  g3 a9 P% c) i( V1 \
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no7 R7 u. M  }" [
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
" s' k9 h: i, P1 K4 n& W0 {( d( qNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
2 G0 @6 r/ B. O7 L7 G: u' Sbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion! ^9 u1 i1 g4 d
of papilledema.
& M6 W2 }% _2 T) U, CLaboratory Evaluation5 {* N- \2 f+ P0 N! K0 x! k
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
2 d/ L& n5 i  B+ Gusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
& o( I  n+ T, d# g3 u) R: blogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
7 r- F/ \9 U5 l3 [: ikaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test  u2 q. |! D4 n/ s/ h" w0 d8 E
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-% J: T' C/ g; y) Z0 a' G5 {
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).& {6 n& T( ?' E( S  m
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
% y3 p! P7 \0 J9 B4 E$ `urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were, W/ h1 N& F, y; U! b* h) d% V
within normal range for his age. The concentration0 H" _6 H# Z, E
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL5 T6 b# N% E' I* Y2 a: U- Q" D
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20% z, s, J6 Y; K0 `3 ]0 ]! |
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-- \" O/ i4 F& p6 }/ ~
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),! o! L' Q( ~3 E  H% x9 ^6 d
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
, c- H1 ]2 r& ]) f2 C( K' F+ A49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)5 S& }4 Z, Y4 x
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-  A+ `9 D' |3 l! B/ e: q
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
4 J+ m- Z7 U1 Y/ E9 F) itestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),% ^0 `9 t) Q) t1 T' R  d( j; ]
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than* l* [' l5 F2 z& T
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
# k: \7 b: E( m  c0 p1 astimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
; u" [6 t* U( J3 Z5 C+ Y7 Bconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
5 ?; n$ ]$ n: T) g( K(prepubertal).* j* {1 J1 Z) D! x4 R9 a
The parents were notified about the laboratory  Z$ W0 A4 b  A1 k8 W4 g6 w
results and were informed that all of the tests were
. G' Y0 ~7 y. j. A# x: M  snormal except the testosterone level was high. The
* x6 `9 M* n$ I8 o! sfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to, r# W* L9 f$ W2 K$ M5 U
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" a8 Y( v1 z  X; f# e+ n7 b
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
. u: \- S: j- c) t/ UPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
# P, N/ E( R: T0 v) Bchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
4 T! b5 {! p& }& X& [2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained5 b8 N% \+ p: |( p" _& }
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-0 E( w- l, h" ^5 m' M6 H
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
5 A3 Q5 e) d  U7 N* k  Vthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 22 K7 w3 ]7 b3 s: N
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.) J* l& W9 F6 H- \' D
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
" n5 P, k' {& ?' oing frequent erections.
( z) W7 p% V7 P! bBoth parents were again questioned about use of
/ \) d5 ^, C, D5 _- x: ]. [7 m- Xany ointment/creams that they may have applied to) X5 l2 H' X: @
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the2 n8 ^1 m4 d% Q# \) @
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
+ {( ?/ w% \  ouse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-% V* x* A5 s( h; T) i* i1 l
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for4 R2 V3 F/ U) ]) x% {3 |6 O* u
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
* t& i: Y8 \5 O, p/ K: eto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
; i8 j9 h# y6 X. V8 u! Cscribed by his family physician for decreased libido/ X5 {% _4 Q, T. J% Z) ^8 D
secondary to depression.5 A1 I: `. J7 `" Q  `
The child slept in the same bed with parents.( s' T: ~+ J# O
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
5 d& E) t( R. T% @8 x" ?6 tchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-) }5 |5 B# \* @- z) m! \; g
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.1 c5 i& o$ |8 X7 Z, ~- G, p
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
1 Y% X2 t- w. v* wwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby& _) C6 d, d' K5 x
was high, he then read the product information
5 f9 [0 }% x6 j8 F2 I6 Jpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
1 d3 J( Y0 a7 P9 eson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they: P7 F, I( p6 x0 }
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
  F3 G2 y" ~) Q: Q& Ufather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
$ J4 G9 ?; \" ^& g% W1 Tbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone9 v; ~2 _4 s$ Q6 x6 f" V
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
- R0 r- U: P' j  F* h$ i8 [laboratory to obtain the test.$ _: |0 F9 N; {" {8 h
Discussion
' C6 ~7 O' E" s3 V) gPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
& C# v: N# W0 g. c9 osexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
, }2 d& x* q, `- p2 zPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
7 }% w# @7 D! V& v2 }6 Yit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
) R8 d6 R5 v7 G6 R  Nthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-+ T5 \3 f) ?; b3 k( a2 c2 C
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP  ]. d1 x* ]* ~- \9 [
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
% k# ~7 ]( S, ^+ A8 ]* Zresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
" o% R3 H, v' P' Zamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-3 K9 l, M5 O8 E2 c5 _& d
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in3 J/ @- I6 o( V9 O
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
( x* v9 d8 W9 p3 p/ J: U3 Rization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
/ C. q9 h+ R0 {. x' ~+ G# |rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
: d7 p% a: }: ]9 w0 [1 Qgonadotropins.1,3
; ?: X: q5 Y/ O/ \) fGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-/ W! V% y+ }- {$ Q
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate/ {! b5 K5 H2 o1 _7 g  w( }: M/ S
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or& u3 a9 [4 T$ E& w2 a5 h
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
- t9 l' X, H& D% e  D( R/ Tulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
. q& }. ?8 X1 W" G0 o1 Dcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
# `& U! M; j$ y( @5 j5 E/ sadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious$ D* Q. y! C/ i
puberty in boys.3,4& w( \( t! X! j% _' M
The most common form of congenital adrenal5 V7 P: B. J" I5 D9 t, F1 ?
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
, ?% \# s4 F" _9 r6 n) P& G4 dThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
2 d+ v1 I2 j# q5 g& G& U: |' fexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,9 }5 a1 _& \0 W  o8 P
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
, ~4 o6 g7 @* G" D- l! I8 Qexcess.1,3) Q! ^7 t# u' p7 A; P$ k' F7 B1 L
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
, i( p5 c3 z3 y) `7 r$ [542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007; L0 f; s6 @) X$ j  {0 u6 Z* t
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-; i! X! h2 j4 @5 r3 R, N
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
5 }2 D. E8 U- `! Q/ e& @as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a0 Z, Z) Y' l' V1 ]! W, s
very young age. The physical findings in these boys% {+ k* c$ |7 j0 j) Q
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
' O+ j. `( ]2 o& oincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
9 ~$ W+ C$ ?' wwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder2 N0 P& J1 d4 j4 n4 h
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show5 z' P: f$ N8 T* p3 s9 |& `4 E
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-5 w6 ~$ q4 F5 d4 U
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
" U% ]! P0 n6 _) y4 l1 A8 j3 Iautosomal dominant disorder that affects only7 o9 ]: @4 U; S
males; therefore, other male members of the family+ _$ q, Y, A' ]" d& m4 a  }
may have similar precocious puberty.34 a0 |! \6 t5 h* c# }4 O; S  E
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
8 w# q4 G1 m  a% J" E2 S2 T  @sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
9 E* R% D: d$ N9 N! ]8 y" g: mcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis8 p. z9 c  W7 v
was in the differential diagnosis because his father: C- {+ t  b7 ?- ~
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,( R' h* a' _4 {! T
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
) Z- Y& m6 X) L9 Mbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
$ f+ ^/ Q- a6 E; |" cative initial history of androgen exposure, our
4 C* [' J' I5 W9 u1 N1 sbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
. B3 d9 W8 y3 Q- s* V4 l8 V+ h% yeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
6 i# Y$ ^9 L0 P; Adeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-& s3 L, H0 p8 N# {
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
! H; }4 u0 n6 W0 c. A% _: [' e+ h0 r, Y9 @The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly, Q+ r/ x8 e& t. I: Y7 v
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because% c, n; c4 U# O4 m  L  X) e3 K# d
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
* {! y: k6 \& y/ E" K. C+ cpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and8 g/ z4 u$ g5 w2 g
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-( m6 _$ t4 n* X. n# E
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
, e1 a& \5 F1 _/ X) q; G( G6 q+ Cusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
0 y, N! X4 e/ p$ s1 B$ dDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
0 A, X) O# m6 I  C0 _* H0 }cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
& }0 O7 G7 q8 g! X) ^! x, _unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
. a. g" ^" L4 U1 i8 x! z6 uSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the1 v! G9 v3 a1 L' v4 N1 y; a6 R, |
baseline value in those females who were exposed to* P2 \9 U) R( f7 p% y* e6 F- R
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
+ t4 @! x0 m5 j4 C6 w8 A$ N/ Spartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
6 k1 }: P2 Y* s8 s$ N9 V) Y4 v: Gtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.! c' v$ x1 p/ Z7 s: a9 x# f
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,9 j( R2 R8 n# m5 M  V
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that/ H( k1 U) |# l. Z& u, d& I- K
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-' g+ M, \0 p5 I& j: N
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more" u6 ~* a7 u1 x: B1 G" K. @7 J$ n* \3 F
active in young children exposed to testosterone
( F  O  ^6 @& j7 ]/ f; }% B2 zexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
* i# }) Y+ h" [drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to6 p. n7 M& h& S2 h8 x6 k0 C
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in: ]% h$ g/ g9 O' g% i
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
1 F. ?5 M9 N- D( I/ Xadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.# q( W0 `. f6 M" f: ^* }: u
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
0 t/ ^3 h" c4 Q1 O# m* Kearly childhood on pubertal development and final" O0 _, y; A: H3 F) @
adult height are not fully known and always remain2 N" j# m9 d3 i
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-6 F$ w8 H1 m! ^0 s- ^: N  w' S
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
9 T9 H$ }+ x' p7 Cacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after+ S' f8 o, M7 O# u& t) g
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
! ?% f! R, s1 Z7 mdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
6 Y, |6 w. h- h- n' \4 W. H7 T# _There are conflicting reports and controversy
) v. \% C' L& ^2 n0 B9 @3 d! B0 Q8 }over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
# w0 X/ L: L; F8 r* D6 `penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
- Q- m; n: P1 B) |9 Iadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-2 [: m$ G! p7 K0 E  E" X3 ~
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
( k' O# G# Q& p2 XSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
+ [: v. ^) k: N9 zchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
6 l% E3 W* r- i; B& Ppenile length in clinical studies.
' f/ z0 K' o1 @% ~: V, J/ G! ?Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is4 I2 z2 p; u- w8 P  r# @2 R0 n
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
+ V/ K5 Z2 J1 {# b) Ytestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
8 h$ Q* U7 d% b% lthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
+ ]/ I  P- m) m8 L: RAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
6 Q& R! V: J& S7 ]& n8 L! ?$ L6 H+ Vdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at) X* D# |7 R. Q' Q) C
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
5 w2 c5 {1 B5 Yheight will not be affected.4 m8 Y+ A* j' Q' d2 o  v5 [+ l
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
# R; h  e. Y* \4 q% V$ U; Fability of androgen products in our society may
/ X! d) O! h6 w" S& Zindeed cause more virilization in male or female
4 s* v( @* A! j, ichildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
) x$ ^: J9 x$ C6 f8 ?) Ggen products must be considered and specific ques-) g- s) E7 S" _8 \1 T% C& Y* ?
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
: q2 f/ A$ E# Ygel should be asked of the family members during/ X/ q+ q2 ?& |& C; [# K4 z7 E
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
/ a: P! a, h6 T+ {/ M& oilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-- J+ k. B( H% u
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
+ U  w( V6 z8 Z/ Xappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a/ C# V, t6 k+ @8 d) _! a
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
% G* E6 D: G$ C  N& yresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive5 a! _! o5 u% n# L& _8 j' `
investigation. The primary care physician should be1 d& E3 G( }, v* e9 l' ^
aware of this fact, because most of these children
, G: B4 u5 [6 \; G4 Imay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’4 |: C, U# I) f1 X" {% `8 m7 G
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
+ m2 h! X5 d" hwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or, h, J) v/ H2 P% U: l& D# D
female child who might come in contact with some-
8 N5 J$ m3 J( W. p8 vone using any of these products.) {0 C  k0 m) C  m! n- v
References8 b& K. E+ K- q1 ?1 b5 A0 x) x/ H
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
5 \% T$ L$ x0 tand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric: x, T& E. S6 z0 j: j5 [
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;! N9 h6 r9 E& v- I
2002: 565-628.2 A& L6 Z8 @. Q# X+ _
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
6 R8 Y; w5 [8 y6 ]' Gpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
/ D+ L) N9 F0 ?, G1 C1 _9 Z
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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