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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
9 i# I/ z8 o8 Y* [% u8 G- {Boy Induced by Indirect Topical i6 `2 C% ~( I l+ O( J3 w
Exposure to Testosterone
) U M; x" p; ^7 K3 _' [$ `Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
5 ~, Q( ?- O+ B) O0 Wand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
% [( x1 u9 K& f; CClinical Pediatrics( z* C! e4 l: d0 m4 V0 R7 K
Volume 46 Number 6
& H5 A* M3 d; E& ?: N) MJuly 2007 540-543/ Z4 f% z) q) O6 c
© 2007 Sage Publications1 a6 k# Q5 h# \
10.1177/0009922806296651
+ G8 I* L6 o3 ]0 u1 e- r2 dhttp://clp.sagepub.com; t: K2 D% } i( Y7 m3 |3 E; \& b' V
hosted at" B4 @; w$ G; k7 u, M& [ T! O: {, x7 }
http://online.sagepub.com2 u9 l' P, O( E7 E' u
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,% u. M; D, ~ Z
is a significant concern for physicians. Central ?# m3 g6 @- [+ v
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated$ T7 p) w! V/ O, i1 l2 e6 [( F
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has0 h$ d* p" I* _' r/ Y
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
' X4 X; K* {$ S, tlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested" p! H# | o2 G
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic. ]7 }$ ?% {! Z, g6 J$ Z2 D- F
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-& J9 H" y* y6 k
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We9 \; Z' }5 H) S1 M7 n/ V6 s
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the5 [& A( j' Z0 _* n+ ~
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
9 t$ X) A: o8 yment without testicular enlargement, which was due
! Y, @% N. r! Fto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by/ A r: Y- p0 r. o
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-" Q" p+ F- D0 w- K
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
# Z: [0 \) c6 ~2 h( @child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
( {0 G* F% C/ r' o( \testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-% B3 N1 ^# A# X% A3 P* Y/ u5 F
bly more common than the rare case report in the+ L s' R" E7 E# Q) m! [2 S3 H
literature.4
! G; R8 ~8 {+ J `9 M2 mPatient Report3 m2 m5 @% P. @5 o4 R
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
' H3 `0 H+ t9 x2 r% D# ]+ Z, ?# ^4 Mendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
" L6 I0 t: S0 G! X |# Nof early sexual development. His mother noticed
5 M+ c+ L2 o% Q; i$ [+ mlight colored pubic hair development when he was8 b; s, t& b# z4 N* y# {: S# R
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
1 i! x0 }$ d/ V' o! FSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.3 H0 T9 B$ ~4 k# v* |
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE, ^7 C' y' p2 K7 v
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of' s5 ]6 P% \7 L: |* |, h
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
7 q+ m) R# v2 W. ?: [9 g; Z5 ~e-mail: [email protected].
, F7 Z# @: a4 Z/ @+ gabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became4 F* ~, i' _1 H* h
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-4 G! L0 H! m9 D) i
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
" B- X: T5 G7 L6 ywas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with. }2 c2 L0 q; ?+ D% G% o! w5 a0 [
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
$ m8 {9 E; u5 ^, a/ u9 S+ Q0 n20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year- X9 ~ j( G1 f* r1 h
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
' t9 H2 E/ B/ Rsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,0 V9 Z4 J+ [2 y& g. i3 g% b# Q
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development, U5 j2 @' s, @# d5 m
was age appropriate. o: y; T7 w. c( \8 ? R
The family history was remarkable for the father," ?2 V% t4 o# |0 ]2 F5 X
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
1 b' ? f. R8 S2 Qwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
- R4 G/ E* N" oheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat7 H/ b3 G% w' j2 h
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
) ~2 i' U" g2 J5 G0 A5 ~The father denied taking any other medication. The5 O7 C, L# }% v: g- B
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
( x' b/ F2 S' d2 ^8 b# l9 K) \* Iwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
" u( `6 E9 [% `* P2 ?6 Y5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
6 f# l$ V% M. j E, I. u3 T0 scocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-3 I5 G+ Y: {2 }3 g( p2 p
tives. There were no siblings.4 o9 P: Q" g, z: Q& X$ B3 t4 f
Physical Examination. V9 L* C9 ?. M- H P- @( u
The physical examination revealed a very active,$ h% q; @4 ^4 [, Q' P3 H: s% [: j/ b
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented, F9 k6 h9 G8 G$ P5 Z$ h
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was. v$ A8 i! p' f" e1 k2 i2 E
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
3 q2 U5 T0 F& U& R1 \(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
4 k) H" J7 b+ gvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
2 M g6 ?6 G- ]7 l" z% tthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.7 g. E( h, a: d" f5 e
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
6 V7 y9 I, m7 X3 X J* O5 ^$ ]& \enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of' N j9 z9 ]$ m3 P- L* Z5 b
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
7 ]# m; ?$ G/ ~& e; ]) } Gdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 R/ K" `4 w! l' f
540" f* a$ T, D. q: R* ^' g
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from" h5 p+ F8 \# h4 S; s/ F+ O
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The" K& T1 ^; W9 q( L, o
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.$ L( O P2 G% e
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat: n g3 a9 P% c) i( V1 \
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no7 R7 u. M }" [
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
" s' k9 h: i, P1 K4 n& W0 {( d( qNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
2 G0 @6 r/ B. O7 L7 G: u' Sbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion! ^9 u1 i1 g4 d
of papilledema.
& M6 W2 }% _2 T) U, CLaboratory Evaluation5 {* N- \2 f+ P0 N! K0 x! k
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
2 d/ L& n5 i B+ Gusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
& o( I n+ T, d# g3 u) R: blogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
7 r- F/ \9 U5 l3 [: ikaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test u2 q. |! D4 n/ s/ h" w0 d8 E
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-% J: T' C/ g; y) Z0 a' G5 {
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).& {6 n& T( ?' E( S m
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
% y3 p! P7 \0 J9 B4 E$ `urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were, W/ h1 N& F, y; U! b* h) d% V
within normal range for his age. The concentration0 H" _6 H# Z, E
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL5 T6 b# N% E' I* Y2 a: U- Q" D
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20% z, s, J6 Y; K0 `3 ]0 ]! |
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-- \" O/ i4 F& p6 }/ ~
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),! o! L' Q( ~3 E H% x9 ^6 d
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
, c- H1 ]2 r& ]) f2 C( K' F+ A49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)5 S& }4 Z, Y4 x
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor- A+ `9 D' |3 l! B/ e: q
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
4 J+ m- Z7 U1 Y/ E9 F) itestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),% ^0 `9 t) Q) t1 T' R d( j; ]
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than* l* [' l5 F2 z& T
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
# k: \7 b: E( m c0 p1 astimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
; u" [6 t* U( J3 Z5 C+ Y7 Bconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
5 ?; n$ ]$ n: T) g( K(prepubertal).* j* {1 J1 Z) D! x4 R9 a
The parents were notified about the laboratory Z$ W0 A4 b A1 k8 W4 g6 w
results and were informed that all of the tests were
. G' Y0 ~7 y. j. A# x: M snormal except the testosterone level was high. The
* x6 `9 M* n$ I8 o! sfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to, r# W* L9 f$ W2 K$ M5 U
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" a8 Y( v1 z X; f# e+ n7 b
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
. u: \- S: j- c) t/ UPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
# P, N/ E( R: T0 v) Bchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
4 T! b5 {! p& }& X& [2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained5 b8 N% \+ p: |( p" _& }
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-0 E( w- l, h" ^5 m' M6 H
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
5 A3 Q5 e) d U7 N* k Vthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 22 K7 w3 ]7 b3 s: N
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.) J* l& W9 F6 H- \' D
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
" n5 P, k' {& ?' oing frequent erections.
( z) W7 p% V7 P! bBoth parents were again questioned about use of
/ \) d5 ^, C, D5 _- x: ]. [7 m- Xany ointment/creams that they may have applied to) X5 l2 H' X: @
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the2 n8 ^1 m4 d% Q# \) @
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
+ {( ?/ w% \ ouse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-% V* x* A5 s( h; T) i* i1 l
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for4 R2 V3 F/ U) ]) x% {3 |6 O* u
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
* t& i: Y8 \5 O, p/ K: eto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
; i8 j9 h# y6 X. V8 u! Cscribed by his family physician for decreased libido/ X5 {% _4 Q, T. J% Z) ^8 D
secondary to depression.5 A1 I: `. J7 `" Q `
The child slept in the same bed with parents.( s' T: ~+ J# O
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
5 d& E) t( R. T% @8 x" ?6 tchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-) }5 |5 B# \* @- z) m! \; g
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.1 c5 i& o$ |8 X7 Z, ~- G, p
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
1 Y% X2 t- w. v* wwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby& _) C6 d, d' K5 x
was high, he then read the product information
5 f9 [0 }% x6 j8 F2 I6 Jpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
1 d3 J( Y0 a7 P9 eson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they: P7 F, I( p6 x0 }
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
F3 G2 y" ~) Q: Q& Ufather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
$ J4 G9 ?; \" ^& g% W1 Tbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone9 v; ~2 _4 s$ Q6 x6 f" V
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
- R0 r- U: P' j F* h$ i8 [laboratory to obtain the test.$ _: |0 F9 N; {" {8 h
Discussion
' C6 ~7 O' E" s3 V) gPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
& C# v: N# W0 g. c9 osexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
, }2 d& x* q, `- p2 zPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
7 }% w# @7 D! V& v2 }6 Yit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
) R8 d6 R5 v7 G6 R Nthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-+ T5 \3 f) ?; b3 k( a2 c2 C
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP ]. d1 x* ]* ~- \9 [
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
% k# ~7 ]( S, ^+ A8 ]* Zresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
" o% R3 H, v' P' Zamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-3 K9 l, M5 O8 E2 c5 _& d
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in3 J/ @- I6 o( V9 O
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
( x* v9 d8 W9 p3 p/ J: U3 Rization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
/ C. q9 h+ R0 {. x' ~+ G# |rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
: d7 p% a: }: ]9 w0 [1 Qgonadotropins.1,3
; ?: X: q5 Y/ O/ \) fGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-/ W! V% y+ }- {$ Q
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate/ {! b5 K5 H2 o1 _7 g w( }: M/ S
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or& u3 a9 [4 T$ E& w2 a5 h
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
- t9 l' X, H& D% e D( R/ Tulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
. q& }. ?8 X1 W" G0 o1 Dcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
# `& U! M; j$ y( @5 j5 E/ sadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious$ D* Q. y! C/ i
puberty in boys.3,4& w( \( t! X! j% _' M
The most common form of congenital adrenal5 V7 P: B. J" I5 D9 t, F1 ?
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
, ?% \# s4 F" _9 r6 n) P& G4 dThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
2 d+ v1 I2 j# q5 g& G& U: |' fexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,9 }5 a1 _& \0 W o8 P
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
, ~4 o6 g7 @* G" D- l! I8 Qexcess.1,3) Q! ^7 t# u' p7 A; P$ k' F7 B1 L
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
, i( p5 c3 z3 y) `7 r$ [542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007; L0 f; s6 @) X$ j {0 u6 Z* t
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-; i! X! h2 j4 @5 r3 R, N
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
5 }2 D. E8 U- `! Q/ e& @as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a0 Z, Z) Y' l' V1 ]! W, s
very young age. The physical findings in these boys% {+ k* c$ |7 j0 j) Q
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
' O+ j. `( ]2 o& oincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
9 ~$ W+ C$ ?' wwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder2 N0 P& J1 d4 j4 n4 h
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show5 z' P: f$ N8 T* p3 s9 |& `4 E
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-5 w6 ~$ q4 F5 d4 U
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
" U% ]! P0 n6 _) y4 l1 A8 j3 Iautosomal dominant disorder that affects only7 o9 ]: @4 U; S
males; therefore, other male members of the family+ _$ q, Y, A' ]" d& m4 a }
may have similar precocious puberty.34 a0 |! \6 t5 h* c# }4 O; S E
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
8 w# q4 G1 m a% J" E2 S2 T @sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
9 E* R% D: d$ N9 N! ]8 y" g: mcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis8 p. z9 c W7 v
was in the differential diagnosis because his father: C- {+ t b7 ?- ~
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,( R' h* a' _4 {! T
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
) Z- Y& m6 X) L9 Mbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
$ f+ ^/ Q- a6 E; |" cative initial history of androgen exposure, our
4 C* [' J' I5 W9 u1 N1 sbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
. B3 d9 W8 y3 Q- s* V4 l8 V+ h% yeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
6 i# Y$ ^9 L0 P; Adeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-& s3 L, H0 p8 N# {
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
! H; }4 u0 n6 W0 c. A% _: [' e+ h0 r, Y9 @The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly, Q+ r/ x8 e& t. I: Y7 v
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because% c, n; c4 U# O4 m L X) e3 K# d
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
* {! y: k6 \& y/ E" K. C+ cpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and8 g/ z4 u$ g5 w2 g
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-( m6 _$ t4 n* X. n# E
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
, e1 a& \5 F1 _/ X) q; G( G6 q+ Cusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
0 y, N! X4 e/ p$ s1 B$ dDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
0 A, X) O# m6 I C0 _* H0 }cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
& }0 O7 G7 q8 g! X) ^! x, _unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
. a. g" ^" L4 U1 i8 x! z6 uSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the1 v! G9 v3 a1 L' v4 N1 y; a6 R, |
baseline value in those females who were exposed to* P2 \9 U) R( f7 p% y* e6 F- R
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
+ t4 @! x0 m5 j4 C6 w8 A$ N/ Spartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
6 k1 }: P2 Y* s8 s$ N9 V) Y4 v: Gtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.! c' v$ x1 p/ Z7 s: a9 x# f
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,9 j( R2 R8 n# m5 M V
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that/ H( k1 U) |# l. Z& u, d& I- K
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-' g+ M, \0 p5 I& j: N
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more" u6 ~* a7 u1 x: B1 G" K. @7 J$ n* \3 F
active in young children exposed to testosterone
( F O ^6 @& j7 ]/ f; }% B2 zexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
* i# }) Y+ h" [drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to6 p. n7 M& h& S2 h8 x6 k0 C
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in: ]% h$ g/ g9 O' g% i
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
1 F. ?5 M9 N- D( I/ Xadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.# q( W0 `. f6 M" f: ^* }: u
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
0 t/ ^3 h" c4 Q1 O# m* Kearly childhood on pubertal development and final" O0 _, y; A: H3 F) @
adult height are not fully known and always remain2 N" j# m9 d3 i
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-6 F$ w8 H1 m! ^0 s- ^: N w' S
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
9 T9 H$ }+ x' p7 Cacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after+ S' f8 o, M7 O# u& t) g
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
! ?% f! R, s1 Z7 mdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
6 Y, |6 w. h- h- n' \4 W. H7 T# _There are conflicting reports and controversy
) v. \% C' L& ^2 n0 B9 @3 d! B0 Q8 }over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
# w0 X/ L: L; F8 r* D6 `penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
- Q- m; n: P1 B) |9 Iadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-2 [: m$ G! p7 K0 E E" X3 ~
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
( k' O# G# Q& p2 XSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
+ [: v. ^) k: N9 zchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
6 l% E3 W* r- i; B& Ppenile length in clinical studies.
' f/ z0 K' o1 @% ~: V, J/ G! ?Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is4 I2 z2 p; u- w8 P r# @2 R0 n
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
+ V/ K5 Z2 J1 {# b) Ytestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
8 h$ Q* U7 d% b% lthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
+ ]/ I P- m) m8 L: RAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
6 Q& R! V: J& S7 ]& n8 L! ?$ L6 H+ Vdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at) X* D# |7 R. Q' Q) C
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
5 w2 c5 {1 B5 Yheight will not be affected.4 m8 Y+ A* j' Q' d2 o v5 [+ l
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
# R; h e. Y* \4 q% V$ U; Fability of androgen products in our society may
/ X! d) O! h6 w" S& Zindeed cause more virilization in male or female
4 s* v( @* A! j, ichildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
) x$ ^: J9 x$ C6 f8 ?) Ggen products must be considered and specific ques-) g- s) E7 S" _8 \1 T% C& Y* ?
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
: q2 f/ A$ E# Ygel should be asked of the family members during/ X/ q+ q2 ?& |& C; [# K4 z7 E
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
/ a: P! a, h6 T+ {/ M& oilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-- J+ k. B( H% u
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
+ U w( V6 z8 Z/ Xappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a/ C# V, t6 k+ @8 d) _! a
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
% G* E6 D: G$ C N& yresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive5 a! _! o5 u% n# L& _8 j' `
investigation. The primary care physician should be1 d& E3 G( }, v* e9 l' ^
aware of this fact, because most of these children
, G: B4 u5 [6 \; G4 Imay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’4 |: C, U# I) f1 X" {% `8 m7 G
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
+ m2 h! X5 d" hwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or, h, J) v/ H2 P% U: l& D# D
female child who might come in contact with some-
8 N5 J$ m3 J( W. p8 vone using any of these products.) {0 C k0 m) C m! n- v
References8 b& K. E+ K- q1 ?1 b5 A0 x) x/ H
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
5 \% T$ L$ x0 tand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric: x, T& E. S6 z0 j: j5 [
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;! N9 h6 r9 E& v- I
2002: 565-628.2 A& L6 Z8 @. Q# X+ _
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
6 R8 Y; w5 [8 y6 ]' Gpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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